"Association of carotid disease and ishemic stroke"

U diplomskom radu obrađena je tematika karotidne bolesti i ishemijskog moždanog udara, tj. njihove povezanosti. Karotidna bolest uključuje stenotičke lezije na karotidnoj bifurkaciji i/ili unutarnjoj karotidnoj arteriji u bolesnika bez znakova cerebralne ishemije. To je dugotrajan, prikriven proces koji se razvija godinama prije nego što se pojave bilo kakvi klinički simptomi. Najrašireniji i najznačajniji uzrok bolesti kardiovaskularnog sustava je ateroskleroza. Aterom ili fibrolipidni plak koji se nakuplja u arterijama dovodi do nastanka ateroskleroze. Te naslage sastoje se od kolesterola, masnih tvari, staničnih otpadnih proizvoda, kalcija i fibrina. Ateroskleroza je najvažniji tip arterioskleroze. Arterioskleroza znači otvrdnuće (skleroza) arterija. Kako se plak nakuplja, stijenka krvne žile se zadeblja, sužava se lumen arterije i posljedično smanjuje protok krvi. To smanjuje količinu kisika i drugih hranjivih tvari koje dopiru do tkiva. Mjesto nastanka plaka i vrsta zahvaćene arterije razlikuje se od osobe do osobe. Plak može djelomično ili potpuno blokirati protok krvi kroz velike ili srednje velike arterije u srcu, mozgu, zdjelici, nogama, rukama ili bubrezima. Moždani udar je ozbiljno zdravstveno stanje opasno po život koje se događa kada se prekine dotok krvi u dio mozga. Prema mehanizmu nastanka razlikujemo ishemijski i hemoragijski moždani udar. Ishemijski moždani udar je češći tip. Obično je uzrokovan krvnim ugruškom koji blokira ili začepi krvnu žilu u mozgu. To sprječava protok krvi i za nekoliko minuta moždane stanice budu trajno oštećene. Drugi uzrok je stenoza ili suženje arterije koja nastaje zbog ateroskleroze, bolesti u kojoj se plak nakuplja unutar arterija. Stoga, predmet i cilj rada su istražiti, analizirati i prikazati povezanost karotidne bolesti i moždanog udara na prikazu slučajaThe subject of carotid disease and ischemic stroke, i.e., their connection, was discussed in the final thesis. Carotid disease involves stenotic lesions at the carotid bifurcation and/or internal carotid artery in patients without signs of cerebral ischemia. It is a long-term, insidious process that develops years before any clinical symptoms appear. The most widespread and significant cause of diseases of the cardiovascular system is atherosclerosis. Plaque (fatty deposits) that build up in your arteries is called atherosclerosis. These deposits consist of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin. Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis means the hardening (sclerosis) of the arteries. As plaque builds up, the blood vessel wall thickens. This narrows the channel inside the artery, reducing blood flow. This reduces the amount of oxygen and other nutrients reaching the body. Where plaque develops and the type of artery affected varies from person to person. Plaque can partially or completely block blood flow through large or medium-sized arteries in the heart, brain, pelvis, legs, arms, or kidneys. This can lead to a stroke. A stroke is a serious, life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted. There are two types ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke is the more common type. It is usually caused by a blood clot that blocks or clogs a blood vessel in the brain. This prevents blood flow to the brain. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. Another cause is stenosis, or narrowing of the artery. This can happen because of atherosclerosis, a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Therefore, the subject and aim of the paper are to investigate, analyze, and present the connection between carotid disease and stroke in a case report

" Electroneurographic detection of polyneuropathy in the Glavić Polyclinic during 2022."

Cilj: Analiza prevalencije, dobi, spola, tipa, distribucije, etiologije te nalaza antigangliozidnih antitijela kod ispitanika s elektroneurografski detektiranom polineuropatijom u laboratoriju za EMNG Poliklinike Glavić u Dubrovniku tijekom 2022. godine. Ispitanici i metode: U ovom retrospektivnom istraživanju analizirani su rezultati elektroneurografske obrade provedene na 245 ispitanika. Kriterij uključenja u istraživanje bila je elektroneurografska detekcija polineuropatije različite etiologije. U istraživanje je uključeno 87 ispitanika s polineuropatijom. Rezultati: Polineuropatije različite etiologije dijagnosticirane su kod 35,5% ispitanika, gotovo podjednako kod ispitanika muškog i ženskog spola, a najveći broj pacijenata činile su osobe u dobnom intervalu od 61 do 80 godina s udjelom od 67,81%. Prema tipu polineuropatije najzastupljenije su bile senzomotorne (56,32%) i senzo(motorne) (miješane, dominantno senzorne) polineuropatije (40,22%), dok su zabilježene samo dvije senzorne (2,30%) i jedna motorna polineuropatija (1,16%). Prema patološko-elektrofiziološkoj klasifikaciji polineuropatija najzastupljenije su bile demijelinizacijske (42,53%), potom aksonalne (39,08%) te miješane (18,39%). Prema stupnju težine polineuropatije najzastupljenije su bile polineuropatije umjerenog (57,47%) i blažeg (31,03%) stupnja. Prema distribuciji polineuropatije dominirala je afekcija nogu (88,5%), dok je afekcija ruku i nogu značajno rjeđa (11,5%). Prema etiološkoj klasifikaciji najbrojnije su bile dijabetička (18), toksičke (jatrogene + etilične) (12), autoimune (10), infektivne (COVID-19) (5), reumatološke (5), nasljedne (3), uzrokovane deficitom vitamina B12 (3), hipotireozom (3), preboljelim Guillain-Barreovim sindromom (3), kroničnom bubrežnom insuficijencijom (2) te deficitom folne kiseline (1). Zabilježen je jedan slučaj „critical illness“ polineuropatije. Kod 21 pacijenta nije utvrđena etiologija polineuropatije. Antigangliozidna protutijela su bila pozitivna kod 12,6% ispitanika, a najzastupljenija su bila anti-GD1a, anti-GM1 i anti-GQ1b. Zaključci: EMNG obrada predstavlja zlatni standard u dijagnostici polineuropatija. Polineuropatije su uz kompresivne radikulopatije i kanalikularne sindrome najčešći klinički entiteti dijagnosticirani EMNG-om. Dijabetička polineuropatija je najčešći oblik polineuropatije u općoj populaciji.Aim: Analysis of the prevalence, age, gender, type, distribution, etiology, and findings of anti-ganglioside antibodies in subjects with electroneurographically detected polyneuropathy in the EMNG laboratory of Glavić Polyclinic in Dubrovnik during 2022. Patients and methods: In this retrospective study, the results of nerve conductive studies performed on 245 subjects were analyzed. The criterion for inclusion in the research was the detection of polyneuropathy of different etiologies. 87 patients with polyneuropathy were included in the research. Results: Polyneuropathies of different etiologies were diagnosed in 35.5% of respondents, almost equally in male and female respondents, and the largest number of patients were people in the age range of 61 to 80 years, with a share of 67.81%. According to the type of polyneuropathy, the most common were sensorimotor (56.32%) and sensorimotor (mixed, dominantly sensory) polyneuropathies (40.22%), while only two sensory (2.30%) and one motor polyneuropathy (1,16%). According to the pathological-electrophysiological classification, the most common polyneuropathies were demyelinating (42.53%), followed by axonal (39.08%) and mixed (18.39%). According to the degree of severity of polyneuropathies, the most represented were polyneuropathies of moderate (57.47%) and mild (31.03%) degrees. According to the distribution of polyneuropathy, the affection of the legs dominated (88.5%), while the affection of the arms and legs was significantly less frequent (11.5%). According to the etiological classification, the most numerous were diabetic (18), toxic (iatrogenic + ethylic) (12), autoimmune (10), infectious (COVID-19) (5), rheumatological (5), hereditary (3), caused by vitamin B12 deficiency (3), hypothyroidism (3), recovered Guillain-Barre syndrome (3), chronic kidney failure (2), and folic acid deficiency (1). One case of "critical illness" polyneuropathy was recorded. In 21 patients, the etiology of polyneuropathy was not established. Anti-ganglioside antibodies were positive in 12.6% of subjects, and the most prevalent were anti-GD1a, anti-GM1, and anti-GQ1b. Conclusions: Electromyography and nerve conduction studies represent the gold standard in the diagnosis of polyneuropathies. Along with compressive radiculopathy and entrapment syndromes, polyneuropathies are the most common clinical entities diagnosed by electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Diabetic polyneuropathy is the most common form of polyneuropathy in the general population

Port equipment for container handlling

Primjena kontejnera nije samo promijenila način na koji se roba transportira, već je i potaknula razvoj specijalizirane infrastrukture kako bi novi način transporta ostao konkurentan i profitabilan. Kontejnerizacija je promijenila temelje teretnog transporta, duboko utječući na globalnu ekonomiju i trgovinu. Njezin kontinuirani utjecaj oblikuje načine prijevoza i distribucije robe diljem svijeta, postavljajući nove standarde u logistici i promicanju međunarodne trgovine. U prvom dijelu ovog rada dat je povijesni pregled razvoja kontejnerizacije te su opisane vrste brodova za prijevoz kontejnera. Glavni dio rada analizira sredstva za rukovanje kontejnerima na kontejnerskom terminalu i brodovima za prijevoz kontejnera.The application of containers has not only changed the way goods are transported, but it has also supported the development of specialised infrastructure to keep the new mode of transport competitive and profitable. Containerisation has changed the foundations of freight transport, profoundly affecting the global economy and trade. Its continuous impact shapes the transportation and distribution of goods worldwide, setting new standards in logistics and promoting international trade. The first part of this study provides a historical overview of the development of containerisation and describes the types of ships used for container transport. The central part of the study analyses the means for handling containers at the container terminal and on container ships

Renewable energy sources used for ships proplusion

U radu su opisane sve vrste obnovljivih izvora energije koje imaju primjenu u brodskoj propulziji, prikazani su i stvarni primjeri koji su se koristili, koriste se ili će se koristiti u budućnosti. Dan je pregled mogućih alternativnih poriva broda te su opisane njihove glavne značajke, kao i prednosti i nedostaci njihovog korištenja. Većina brodova današnjice kao primarne pokretače propulzora, najčešće brodskog vijka, koristi dizelske motore, a razlog je njihova toplinska učinkovitost, jednostavnost korištenja i veća pouzdanost, no negativni utjecaji na okoliš s posljedično strožom regulativom za njegovu zaštitu te povećanje cijena goriva i uvođenje poreza na emisije štetnih plinova čine upitnim korištenje postojećih tehnologija te stvaraju potrebu za traženjem novih, optimalnijih rješenja poriva broda.This work describes all types of renewable energy sources that can be used in ship propulsion, and presents real examples that have been used, are currently being used, or will be used in the future. An overview of possible alternative fuels for ships is given, along with descriptions of their main characteristics, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use. Most of today's ships use diesel engines as the primary propulsion devices for propellers, usually employing a ship's screw, due to their thermal efficiency, ease of use, and greater reliability. However, negative environmental impacts, resulting in stricter environmental protection regulations, increased fuel prices, and the introduction of taxes on harmful gas emissions, raise questions about the use of existing technologies and create the need to find new, more optimal solutions for ship propulsion

Application of deep learning methods to the vehicle detection and counting system

Među najvećim problemima u urbanim sredinama je problem prometne gužve. Kako bi se spriječilo stvaranje prometnih gužvi, potrebno je pristupiti planiranju prometa. Jedan od takvih pristupa je brojanje vozila. Ovaj rad predstavlja sustav za detekciju i brojanje vozila temeljen na tehnikama dubokog učenja. Sustav koristi algoritam YOLOv8 za otkrivanje vozila u stvarnom vremenu, a DeepSORT je odgovoran za sortiranje vozila. U ovom radu je objašnjen princip rada detektora objekta. Sustav se pokazao uspješnim u brojanju vozila u oba smjera.Among the top concerns in urban regions is the issue of traffic congestion. To prevent the formation of traffic jams, it is necessary to engage in traffic planning. One way to do this is by counting vehicles. This paper presents the vehicle detection and counting system based on deep learning techniques. The system utilizes the YOLOv8 algorithm to detect vehicles in real-time, with DeepSORT responsible for vehicle sorting. In this paper, the working principle of the object detector is explained. The system has proven successful in counting vehicles in both directions

Liquefied gas transportation market analysis

Začetak industrije pomorskog prijevoza ukapljenoga plina seže još u tridesete godine prošloga stoljeća kada se tada eksperimentalnim metodama pokušalo pronaći rješenje prijevoza tereta pod tlakom. Počeci su izgledali tako da su se najčešći tankeri sirovi nafte pregrađivali u tankere za prijevoz plina ugradnjom malih posuda u već postojeće tankove tereta. Kroz naredna desetljeća razvoj tehnologije i otkriće novih materijala omogućio je izgradnju većih, čvršćih i sigurnijih brodova čije usavršavanje još i danas traje. Zbog svojih fizikalnih svojstava s naglaskom na netoksičnost, visoku kalorijsku vrijednost i niski udio sumpora, ukapljeni prirodni plin i ukapljeni naftni plin predvode na ovom tržištu. Jačanje zelene logistike i promicanje novih ekoloških vrijednosti fokusiralo je industriju na prepoznavanje ovih plinova kao zelene alternative energenta. Kao što sam naslov kaže, ovaj rad bavit će se trenutnim i budućim trendovima u industriji i promjenama koje je doživjelo između ostalog i kao posljedica određenih geo-političkih ali i zdravstvenih događaja na svjetskoj razini. Detaljnije će se spomenuti pandemija Covida-19 i raspravljati njen učinak na ponudu i potražnju ovog energenta. Proučavanjem oscilacija vozarina kroz različite vremenske periode i udjela flote brodova na svjetskome tržištu izvest će se zaključak o nadolazećim trendovima i stanju tržišta.The beginning of the liquefied gas maritime transport industry dates back to the thirties of the last century, when experimental methods were used to find a solution for transporting cargo under pressure. The beginnings looked like the most common crude oil tankers were converted into gas tankers by installing small vessels in already existing cargo tanks. Through the following decades, the development of technology and the discovery of new materials enabled the construction of larger, stronger and safer ships, the improvement of which is still ongoing today. Due to their physical properties with an emphasis on non-toxicity, high calorific value and low sulfur content, liquefied natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas lead this market. The strengthening of green logistics and the promotion of new ecological values focused the industry on the recognition of these gases as green alternative energy sources. As the title says, this paper will deal with current and future trends in the industry and the changes it has experienced, among other things, as a result of certain geopolitical and health events at the world level. The Covid-19 pandemic will be mentioned in more detail and its effect on the supply and demand of this energy source will be discussed. By studying the fluctuations of freight rates over different time periods and the share of the fleet of ships in the world market, the report will conclude on the upcoming trends and the state of the market

Devices for preventing sea pollution on ships according to the MARPOL convention attachment V.

S obzirom na povećane razine onečišćenja morskog okoliša iz različitih izvora, kroz Međunarodnu pomorsku organizaciju (IMO) usvojen je značajan broj dokumenata, a među njima i MARPOL Konvencija za sprječavanje onečišćenja mora. Kroz dodatke odnosno priloge Konvenciji regulirani su različiti oblici onečišćenja, pa je tako Prilogom V regulirano onečišćenje mora otpadom s brodova. Osim postupaka zbrinjavanja istaknuti su i uređaji i sustavi pomoću kojih se tretira otpad na brodovima, kao i postupci predaje otpada na prihvatnim lokacijama u lukama.Considering the increased levels of pollution of the marine environment from various sources, a significant number of documents have been adopted through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), among them the MARPOL Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution. Various forms of pollution are regulated through the appendices or appendices to the Convention, so Annex V regulates the pollution of the sea by waste from ships. In addition to disposal procedures, the devices and systems used to treat waste on ships, as well as procedures for handing over waste at reception locations in ports, were highlighted

Cyber security

Tehnologija diljem svijeta napreduje, a kako donosi pozitivne utjecaje, tako donosi i negativne. Jedan od tih negativnih utjecaja je smanjenje kibernetičke sigurnosti, povećanje kibernetičkih zločina i iskorištavanje online podataka u loše i kriminalne svrhe. To se odnosi i na pomorstvo koje danas uvelike ovisi o tehnologiji. U uvodnom dijelu govori se općenito o tome, kao i o osnovnim pojmovima koje je bitno razumijeti kako bismo mogli dalje razgovarati o zaštiti od kibernetičkih napada. Proći ćemo kratki povijesni pregled, podsjetiti se nekih od najvećih napada, pogledati današnji zakonski okvir, organizacije koje ga provode, kao i neke buduće izazove s kojima će se pomorstvo morati nositi.Technology around the world is advancing, and as it brings positive impacts, it also brings negative ones. One of these negative impacts is a decrease in cyber security, an increase in cyber crimes and the exploitation of online data for bad and criminal purposes. This also applies to seafaring, which is today highly dependent on technology. The introductory part talks about this in general, as well as about the basic concepts that are important to understand in order to be able to talk further about protection against cyber attacks. We will go through a brief historical review, remind ourselves of some of the biggest attacks, look at today's legal framework, the organizations that implement it, as well as some future challenges that seafaring will have to deal with

Ro-Ro passanger shipping in the Republic of Croatia

Ro-Ro brod je brod koji omogućuje ukrcaj i istovar tereta na horizontalnim načinom prekrcaja uz pomoć kotača i prekrcajnih rampi. Putnički Ro-Ro brodovi koriste se za prijevoz putnika i vozila, ali u isto vrijeme također mogu prevoziti, kontejnere ili drugu robu. Uloga putničkog linijskog brodarstva za morsku zemlju poput Hrvatske, izuzetno je važna, budući da na otocima živi 3,3 % stanovništva, te se tijekom turističke sezone taj broj značajno povećava. U Republici Hrvatskoj javni linijski pomorski prijevoz putnika i tereta na kotačima većinom obavlja tvrtka Jadrolinija. Flota Jadrolinije broji 39 trajekata, 12 katamarana, 4 klasična broda i jedan trajekt na međunarodnim linijama. Osnovna zadaća Jadrolinije je povezivanje otoka s kopnom na hrvatskoj strani Jadrana. Djelatnost Jadrolinije prijevoz putnika i vozila izrazito je sezonskog karaktera i pod velikim utjecajem turizma. Bijela flota Jadrolinije na godišnjoj razini preveze preko 12 milijuna putnika i tri milijuna vozila što čini preko 80 % godišnjeg broja svih prevezenih putnika i vozila u pomorskom prometu Republike Hrvatske.A Ro-Ro ship is a ship that enables the loading and unloading of cargo in a horizontal transhipment method with the help of wheels and transhipment ramps. Passenger Ro-Ro ships are used to transport passengers and vehicles, but at the same time, they can also transport containers or other goods. The role of passenger liner shipping for a maritime country like Croatia is extremely important since 3.3% of the population lives on the islands, and during the tourist season, this number increases significantly. In the Republic of Croatia, public liner shipping of passengers and wheeled cargo is mostly performed by the company Jadrolinija. Jadrolinija's fleet includes 39 ferries, 12 catamarans, 4 classic ships and one ferry on international lines. Jadrolinija's main task is to connect the islands with the mainland on the Croatian side of the Adriatic. Jadrolinija's transporting of passengers and vehicles is highly seasonal and heavily influenced by tourism. Jadrolinija's white fleet annually transports over 12 million passengers and three million vehicles, making up over 80% of the annual number of all transported passengers and vehicles in the Republic of Croatia maritime transport