Searching for promising sources of grain protectors in extracts from Neotropical Annonaceae

To investigate potential sources of novel grain protector compounds against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which is an important insect pest of stored cereals, this study evaluated the bioactivity of ethanolic extracts (66) prepared from 29 species belonging to 11 different genera of Neotropical Annonaceae. A screening assay demonstrated that the most pronounced bioactive effects on S. zeamais were caused by ethanolic extracts from Annona montana, A. mucosa, A. muricata, and A. sylvatica seeds, causing the death of all weevils exposed, almost complete inhibition of the F1 progeny and a drastic reduction in grain losses. Furthermore, the ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves of A. montana, A. mucosa, A. muricata, and Duguetia lanceolata, especially A. montana and A. mucosa, demonstrated significant bioactive effects on the studied variables; however, the activity levels were less pronounced than in the seed extracts, and the response was dependent on the concentration used. This study is the first to report the activity of secondary metabolites from D. lanceolata on insects as well as the action of A. sylvatica on pests associated with stored grains

Spray-dried porcine plasma added to diets contaminated with aflatoxins and fumonisins shows beneficial effects to piglet health

This study was aimed to analyze the effects of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on the health of post weaning piglets challenged with diets contaminated with aflatoxins and fumonisins. Fifty-six male piglets (7.15 ± 0.61 kg) were allocated in four groups: CTL group received a regular diet; SDPP group received a regular diet and 6% SDPP; MYC group received a diet containing 300 μg/kg aflatoxins and 8,000 μg/kg fumonisins; group MYC+SDPP received 300 μg/kg aflatoxins, 8,000 μg/kg fumonisins and 6% SDPP. The animals that received the experimental diet containing mycotoxins (MYC group) had lower weight gain at the end of the experiment compared to the other treatments. Animals receiving SDPP showed decreased urea levels throughout the experiment (P<0.05). Animals from MYC group presented an increased on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and decreased catalase activity (P<0.05). In contrast, SDPP prevented the increase of ROS and TBARS and stimulated superoxide dismutase activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, diet contaminated with mycotoxins (group MYC) caused subclinical intoxication in the piglets, as observed by the increase on free radical’s production and lipid peroxidation. Conversely, SDPP presented a protective effect, minimizing the effects of oxidative stress caused by aflatoxins and fumonisins ingestion

Occurrence of aflatoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in the corn utilized by the food industry in the São Paulo state

O milho utilizado pela indústria alimentícia no Estado de São Paulo não teve, até o momento, sua qualidade avaliada quanto à presença de micotoxinas. Existem levantamentos regionais no país, mas, somente alguns envolvem o milho para consumo humano. Entretanto, o Estado de São Paulo é, historicamente, o maior importador de milho de outros Estados do país, os quais têm padrões agroclimáticos e níveis tecnológicos muito diferentes. Este projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo principal avaliar o milho destinado à indústria alimentícia de São Paulo quanto à presença das micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, zearalenona e ocratoxina A. Identificou-se também a procedência e, o teor de umidade do milho que chega à indústria. Esta avaliação foi feita através do levantamento da ocorrência destas micotoxinas no milho consumido por uma indústria moageira, instalada em Mogi-Guaçu-SP, que tem expressiva participação no mercado consumidor de milho e seus derivados no Estado de São Paulo. As amostragens foram realizadas em três épocas diferentes, sendo a primeira em outubro de 1993 (96 amostras), a segunda em março de 1994 (106 amostras) e a terceira em agosto de 1994 (90 amostras), totalizando 292 amostras. Os resultados das análises mostraram presença somente de aflatoxinas. A ocratoxina A e a zearalenona não foram detectadas. A aflatoxina B&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; foi a toxina mais frequente, tendo sido detectada em 57,3%, 16,0% e 27,7% das amostras da primeira, segunda e terceira amostragens, respectivamente. Em geral, os níveis de contaminação encontrados não foram altos, à exceção de 7 amostras nas quais os níveis excederam o limite tolerado pela legislação brasileira para a soma das aflatoxinas B&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; e G&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (30µg/kg). A contaminação média, considerando a soma destas duas aflatoxinas, foi de 14,9µg/kg, 13,9µg/kg e 4,3µg/kg, na primeira, segunda e terceira amostragens respectivamente. Já o valor máximo encontrado foi de 143µg/kg, ocorrido na segunda amostragem (março/1994). O registro da procedência das amostras revela que a origem dos carregamentos de milho variou entre os períodos amostrados. Na primeira, segunda e terceira amostragens 100%, 34,4%, e 76,6% das amostras, respectivamente, eram de outros Estados do Brasil. Os níveis de umidade das amostras foram diferentes entre as amostragens revelando que 51,0%, 66,9% e 27,7% das amostras da primeira, segunda e terceira amostragens estavam com teores de umidade acima de 14,5%, nível máximo recomendado pelo Ministério da Agricultura para comercialização do milho.Corn utilized by the food industry in the São Paulo state has not yet been evaluated for mycotoxins occurrence. There are regional surveys in the country but only a few on corn for human consumption. São Paulo, historically, the state that most imports corn from other states of Brazil, which differ a lot in weather conditions and production systems. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the corn driven to the food industry of São Paulo for the presence of the mycotoxins: aflatoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A and also, identify its origin and register moisture levels of the loadings arriving at the industry. This survey was carried out in a corn milling industry, installed in state of São Paulo, which has an expressive participation in corn and its related products commercialization in the São Paulo state. The samples were withdrawn in three different periods, the first being, in October 1993 (96 samples), second in March 1994 (106 samples) and third in August 1994 (90 samples), accounting 292 samples. The results of analysis showed that only aflatoxins but not zearalenone or ochratoxin A were detected in corn. Aflatoxin B&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; was the most frequent toxin detected, 57.3%, 16.0% and 27.7%, of the samples in the first, second and third samplings, respectively. The levels of aflatoxin B&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; contamination found were not high, except 7 samples which showed higher levels than the Brazilian tolerance limit for aflatoxins B&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;+ G&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (30µg/kg). The average contamination found for aflatoxins B&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;+G&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; was of 14.9µg/kg, 13.9µg/kg and 4.3µg/kg in the first, second and third samplings, respectively. The higher level of contamination was 143µg/kg in second sampling (March/1994). The procedence registration of samples showed that it varied among samplings. The first, second and third sampling had 100%, 34.4% e 76.6% of samples coming from other states of Brazil. The corn moisture levels were different among samplings showing that 51.0%, 66.9% and 27.7% of samples in the first, second and third samplings presented moisture level above 14.5%, maximum level recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture of Brazil, for trade

Influencia dos niveis de grãos avariados de milho (Zea mays L.), na contaminação com aflatoxinas, no rendimento da moagem umida e em algumas caracteristicas do amido extraido

Orientadores: Cesar Francisco Ciacco, Jose Francisco Lopes FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: A indústria de moagem úmida do milho, assim como outros segmentos agroindustriais usuários do milho no Brasil, utilizam geralmente o sistema de classificação oficial modificado ou não, como único instrumento de controle de qualidade de sua matéria-prima. Os usuários do milho, também relacionam os tipos definidos pela classificação e os níveis de presença de grãos avariados em um lote com a presença, distribuição e nível de aflatoxinas nos lotes de milho. Os limites de presença de grãos com defeitos compreendidos na classificação brasileira não guardam relação com a qualidade dos lotes de milho destinados aos mais diversos tipos de utilização ou com a contaminação com aflatoxinas. Por isso, são necessários estudos que determinem melhor a influência dos tipos de avarias e dos níveis de presença destes sobre o processo de moagem úmida e sobre a contaminação com aflatoxinas. Neste projeto pretendeu-se verificar a influência do nível de presença de avarias do milho sobre: a presença e distribuição de aflatoxinas, o rendimento do processo de moagem úmida aplicado para extração do amido e, em algumas características do amido extraído. A distribuição dos pontos com fluorescência amarelo esverdeada brilhante, visualizados através da técnica da luz ultravioleta, entre os grupos de defeitos definidos pela classificação e sua relação com a contaminação da amostra também foi verificada. Os resultados mostraram que, normalmente, o grupo de grãos 1 ( grãos ardidos, brotados, mofados e queimados) apresentavam os níveis mais elevados de contaminação com aflatoxinas e o grupo 3 (grãos normais) os níveis mais baixos. Os grupos 2 (grãos carunchados, chochos, quebrados, prejudicados por diferentes causas e fermentados até 1/4) e 4 (Impurezas, matéria-estranha e fragmentos de milho) normalmente apresentaram níveis de contaminação entre os grupos 1 e 3. A contribuição de cada grupo para o nível de contaminação total da amostra variou de amostra para amostra, mas o grupo 2 normalmente foi o que mais contribuiu. Não se observou nas amostras uma correlação significativa entre as percentagens de presença dos grupos de grãos e o nível total de contaminação da amostra. A distribuição dos pontos fluorescentes mostrou que os grupos de defeitos 2 e 4 apresentavam normalmente a maioria dos pontos fluorescentes das amostras contaminadas. Os resultados de correlação entre número de pontos fluorescentes e o nível de contaminação sugerem que a visualização do grupo de defeitos 2 deva ser estudada como meio de aumentar à eficiência da técnica da luz ultravíoleta para detectar amostras possivelmente contaminadas. A presença dos grupos de grãos nos limites de presença estabelecidos pela classificação oficial do Brasil não afetou os rendimentos da moagem úmida (sólidos na água de maceração, germe, fibras, amido, glúten e sólidos no filtrado do glúten). Apesar dos limites da classificação não influenciarem os rendimentos da moagem úmida, os grupos de grãos 1 e 2 podem influenciar os rendimentos quando presentes em altos níveis como observado nos tratamentos E e F, onde 100% da matéria-prima que sofreu moagem consistia-se de grãos dos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente ¿Observação: O resumo, na íntegra poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital.Abstract: The corn wet milling industry like other com processors has generally the official classification with modifications or not as unique tool of quality control of their raw material. Com users associate too, the grain defects kinds defined for official classification e levels of presence the damaged grains in the com lot with presence, distribution and aflatoxin level in one corn lot. The adoption of limits to damaged grains, established by Brazilian official classification, to assess com lots quality destined to wet milling or to establish relation with presence or aflatoxin levels, does not have fundamental technical. Therefore, they are necessary studies that determine better the influence of kinds of damage and levels of presence these over wet milling process and aflatoxin contamination. In this project we intended to check the influence of presence level of damage grains in com lots over: aflatoxin presence and distribution, yields of wet milling process used to extract starch and some characteristics of starch. The blight greenish yellow fluorescent points distribution, observed by ultraviolet light technique, among groups of damaged grains defined in official classification and its relationship with levei of sample contamination was checked too. The results showed that normally the group one of grains (fermented, sprouted, mouldy and heated grains) had the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination and the group three (normal grains) had the lowest leveI. The group two (insect attacked, immature, broken, damaged by different sources and up to % of surface fermented grains) and four (Impurites, strange material and fragments of corn) normally showed contamination levels between group one and three. The contribution of each defect group to total contamination level of sample ranged from sample to sample, but the group two normally contributed more to total leveI. It was not observed on samples a significant correlation between presence percentage of grains group and total level of sample contamination. The distribution of fluorescent points showed that defect groups two and four had normally the most fluorescent points of contaminated samples. The correlation results between the number of fluorescent points observed in each group and the contamination level suggest that visualization of group two should be studied as way to improve the efficiency of ultraviolet light technique to detect probably contaminated samples. The presence of grain groups into Brazilian official classification limits did not affected the wet milling products yields (steep liquor solids, germ, fiber, starch and gluten filtrate solids). Despite Brazilian official classification limits of group grains did not influence the wet milling yields, the grain group one and two may to influence yields when present in high levels as observed in treatment E and F, where 100% of wet milling raw material was of the group one and two, respectively. When compared to wet milling of raw material compound just of normal grains, the wet milling of raw material with ali grains of group one decreased the germ and starch yield while increased gluten. Ever the wet milling of raw material with ali grains of group two decrease the germ and fiber yields while increased starch ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations.DoutoradoDoutor em Tecnologia de Alimento

Evaluation of the selective antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus and Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus essential oils individually and in combination on Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Essential oils (EOs), as substitutes for antibiotics in animal diets, should have a selective antibacterial activity between pathogenic and beneficial bacteria from animal gut. Thus, this study evaluated the selective antibacterial activity of E. globulus (EG) and P. pseudocaryophyllus (PP) EOs on Enterococcus faecalis as surrogate model of pathogenic bacterium, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus as beneficial bacterium model. The EOs antibacterial activity was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBCs) and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index determinations. The time-kill and sequential exposure assays were also performed, but using only the EG oil, which was the best selective EO, since it had a MIC lower on E. faecalis (7.4 mg/mL) than on L. rhamnosus (14.8 mg/mL). FIC index values showed that the combination of two EOs had an indifferent effect (1.25 and 2.03) on E. faecalis and an additive effect (1.00) on L. rhamnosus. The time-kill assay showed that EG oil was able to kill E. faecalis within 15 min of treatment (~5Log of reduction) and caused a reduction ~3Log of L. rhamnosus viability. The sequential exposure assay showed that EG oil (at MIC/2) produced higher reduction on E. faecalis viability (~3Log) than on L. rhamnosus (~2Log) as well. Therefore, L. rhamnosus presented higher tolerance to antibacterial activity of EG oil than E. faecalis.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author