Evaluación de la analgesia perioperatoria del fentanilo, lidocaina, ketamina, dexmedetomidina o la combinación lidocaina-ketamina-dexmedetomidina en perras sometidas a ovariohisterectomia

Las técnicas de anestesia equilibrada proveen una mejor estabilidad cardiovascular al reducir los requerimientos de los anestésicos inhalatorios, mejorando la analgesia durante la anestesia general y en el postoperatorio. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos sobre el requerimiento de isoflurano y analgésicos postquirúrgicos durante la infusión continua (IC) intravenosa (IV) de fentanilo (FENT), lidocaina (LIDO), ketamina (KET), dexmedetomidina (DEX), o la combinación lidocaína-ketamina-dexmedetomidina (LKD) en perros. Se realizó un estudio clínico prospectivo y ciego con 54 perros programados para ovariohisterectomía. La inducción a la anestesia se realizó con la administración endovenosa de propofol y la anestesia fue mantenida con isoflurano vaporizado en oxígeno al 100%. Los animales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en 6 grupos de tratamiento: Solución salina 0.9%/butorfanol (butorfanol 0.4 mg kg-1 IV, salina 0.9% IC, CONTROL/BUT; n=9); fentanilo (5 g kg-1 IV, 10 g kg-1 hora-1, FENT; n=10); ketamina (1 mg kg-1 IV, 40 g kg-1 minuto-1, KET; n=8), lidocaína (2 mg kg-1 IV, 100 g kg-1 minuto-1, LIDO; n=9); dexmedetomidina (1 g kg-1 IV, 3 g kg-1 hora-1, DEX; n=8); o LKD (n=10). Se monitorizaron variables cardiopulmonares y la concentración tele-espiratoria de isoflurano (FET´Iso) durante la cirugía. Al finalizar esta y durante 4 horas se disminuyeron las dosis como sigue: solución salina 0.9% IC, fentanilo (2.5 μg kg-1 hora-1); ketamina (10 μg kg-1 minuto-1), lidocaina (25 μg kg-1 minuto-1), dexmedetomidina (1 μg kg-1 hora-1); o LKD. La analgesia postoperatoria se evaluó usando las escalas de dolor de Glasgow, Universidad de Melbourne y numérica (NRS) durante 24 horas postquirúrgicas. La sedación fue registrada por medio de NRS. Se proporcionó analgesia de rescate en caso de ser necesario. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando un análisis de varianza (ANAVA) y se consideró una (p <0.05) como estadísticamente significativa. En el transquirúrgico, la frecuencia cardiaca disminuyó significativamente en FENT comparada con LIDO, KET y CONTROL/BUT. La presión arterial media fue más baja en FENT y CONTROL/BUT que en DEX. La media ± ds de FE´Iso y % de reducción de los requerimientos de isoflurano durante la cirugía fueron 1.01 0.31/41.6% (FENT), 1.37 0.19/20.8% (KET), 1.34 0.19/22.5% (LIDO), 1.30 0.28/24.8% (DEX), 0.95 0.19/54.9% (LKD) y 1.73 0.18/0.0% (CONTROL-BUT). En los grupos CONTROL/BUT, KET, DEX y LIDO recibieron analgesia de rescate tres, dos y dos perras respectivamente. Hubo una alta incidencia de falla del tratamiento en CONTROL/BUT y KET al compararse con LKD y FENT. Las puntuaciones de sedación de FENT y LKD fueron mayores que CONTROL/BUT a la hora 1. Los grupos FENT y LKD disminuyeron en mayor cantidad los requerimientos de ISO en comparación con el resto de los tratamientos. La combinación LKD proporcionó adecuada analgesia postquirúrgica. El butorfanol en dosis única, LIDO, KET y DEX podrían no ser efectivas para el tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio en perras sometidas a ovariohisterectomía electiva

Stratigraphy and palynomorphs composition of the Woodford Shale in the Wyche Farm Shale Pit, Pontotoc County, Oklahoma

M.S.--University of Oklahoma,2013.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-89).This work presents a detailed lithofacies description and sequence stratigraphy model for the fine grained rocks cored at the Wyche-I well, in the Lawrence Uplift, Pontotoc County, Oklahoma. The detailed core description, thin sections, XRD mineralogy, geochemical analysis and wire-line log data have led to the identification of nine lithofacies: siliceous laminate and finely laminated mudstones (lithofacies A and B), and calcareous mudstones (lithofacies C) are associated with the Mississippian "Pre-Welden Shale" at 0 to 24 m (0-80 ft); argillaceous mudstones with phosphate and pyritic nodules (lithofacies D and E), are generally identified within the upper Woodford interval at 24 to 37 m (80-122 ft). The organically richest shales (lithofacies Fl and F2) are associated with the middle Woodford at 37 to 53 m (122-174 ft); and siliceous/argillaceous mudstone with thin clay laminations (lithofacies G) and argillaceous siltstone with abundant angular detrital quartz (lithofacies H) are commonly related to the lower Woodford at 53 to 65 m (174-212 ft). The Woodford Shale in the Wyche-I well is present between two unconformities which are associated with 2nd order sequence stratigraphy boundaries. The highest Gamma Ray (GR) log values and organically richest deposits in the middle Woodford comprise a 2nd order Condensed Section (CS), limited at the top by a maximum flooding surface (mfs). The GR log transgressive and regressive patterns, the palynological assemblages (Pollen Index) and the Ti/Al and Si/Al ratios illustrate that the lower and middle Woodford correspond to 2nd order Transgressive System Tract(TST) deposits and the upper Woodford to 2nd order Highstand System Tract (HST) deposits. The lithofacies stacking patterns in the Woodford and "Pre Welden" Shales recognized during the detailed core lithofacies description were coupled with GR log variations and grouped into 3rd order cycles. These cycles are bounded by marine­-flooding surfaces, characterized by high GR values (kick) and turnaround points of the lithostratigraphic stacking patterns. The lower and middle Woodford contain together five 3rd order cycles and the upper Woodford contains six 3rd order cycles. The 3rd order cycles were also subdivided into ductile, organic-rich transgressive hemicycles and brittle, quartz-rich regressive hemicycles. The hypothetical best brittle intervals for "fracking" are related to middle Woodford 3rd order regressive hemicycles, characterized by a high biogenic quartz content, high acoustic (P-wave) impedances, high anisotropy, high Young's modulus and low Poisson's ratio. Finally, this work also suggests that erosion and paleogeography features during the early Mississippian, possibly affected the Woodford Shale thickness and the distribution of the Woodford play in the Arkoma Basin. The Woodford Shale is thicker toward the southwest, but this trend is interrupted in the center of the basin, where the Mississippian sequence overlying the Woodford Shale is thicker and where the Misener-Woodford sequence unconformably truncates the underlying Sylvan Shale and older units

Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Unconventional T Cells

The thymus supports and guides the generation of a diverse repertoire of mature T cells from precursors derived from the bone marrow. In addition to conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, innate-like T cells also develop in the thymus and share features of the adaptive and the innate immune system. These ‘unconventional’ T cells have emerging roles in tissue homeostasis and disease, but the molecular mechanisms underpinning their development remain elusive. In this study, we uncovered the roles of the molecules RAPTOR and PTEN in the thymic development of unconventional T cells. Capitalizing on genetic deletion of RAPTOR, we found RAPTOR-dependent mTORC1 signaling couples microenvironmental cues with metabolic programs to orchestrate the reciprocal development of two fundamentally distinct T cell lineages: αβ and γδ-T cells. Loss of RAPTOR impaired αβ but promoted γδ-T cell development while disrupting metabolic remodeling of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism. Mechanistically, we identified mTORC1-dependent control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as a key metabolic signal that, upon perturbation of redox homeostasis, impinges upon T cell fate decisions. Additionally, we showed that PTEN acts as a cell-intrinsic molecular brake for the thymic development of unconventional T cells. Our results establish mTORC1-driven metabolic signaling as a fundamental mechanism underlying thymocyte lineage choices and uncover PTEN as a cell-intrinsic molecular brake in the development of unconventional T cells

(25) Request for a binding decision on whether Geisleria Nitschke (Ascomycota: Strigulaceae) and Geissleria Lange-Bert. & Metzeltin (Bacillariophyceae: Naviculaceae) are sufficiently alike to be confused

P. 647Estudio sobre Diatomeas que se parecen mucho y pueden ser confundidasS