Utilidad y rendimiento de la polisomnografía de noche partida para el diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea

Objetivos: Evaluar la utilidad y rendimiento de la polisomnografía de noche partida (PSG-NP) para definir diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño (SAHS) y determinar la presión continua positiva sobre la vía aérea). Material y métodos: Se revisaron 116 PSG-NP realizadas entre noviembre 2005 y octubre 2008. Resultados: Fueron 108 (93%) varones, edad promedio 50,1 +- 13,3 (18-90 años), IMC 31,1 +- 4,7 (23-45,7 kg/m2) y el perímetro del cuello 43,1 +- 3,7 (32-51cm). En la primera parte de la prueba, el tiempo total de registro (TTR) fue 151,3 +- 33,0 (73-303min), tiempo total del sueño (TTS) 119 +- 23,1 (50-225min), latencia del sueño 8,3 +- 14,7 (0-88min), índice apnea hipopnea (IAH) 51,8% +-25,2 (15-125 eventos/h), desaturación máxima 80,0 +- 8,7% (56-92%) y porcentaje de tiempo total del estudio con SatO2  <90% 13,7 +- 17,7 (0-65%). La segunda parte de la prueba para titulación: TTR, 292,7 +- 41,9 (85-403 min) y TTS,249,5 +-54,0 (76-364 min). Se empleó modo CPAP en 97% de casos para la titulación, la que fue exitosa en 93 (80%) casos. Durante titulación la presión promedio CPAP fue 9,8 +- 2,1 (6-17 cmH2O) y del BiPAP inspiratoria. 18,5 +- 0,7 (18-19cm H2O) y espiratoria. 15,5 +- 0,7 (15-16cm H2O). El mejor IAH promedio durante las titulaciones exitosas fue 4,2 +-3,0 (0-13 eventos/h). Hubo diferencia significativa con el IAH de la primera parte de la prueba (p<0,001). La principal causa de titulación frustra fue tiempo de titulación breve (36%). Conclusión. La PSG-NP pudo determinar claramente el diagnóstico de enfermedad, pero no es posible lograr todos sus objetivos si se emplean menos de 4 horas de sueño para titular el CPAP en la segunda parte.&nbsp

Hipertensión arterial no reductora nocturna y refractaria al tratamiento en un paciente con síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño

Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 50 años con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial refractaria al tratamiento y que fuera evaluado en nuestro centro de enfermedades del sueño. El registro de monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial demostró ausencia de la reducción nocturna de la presión tanto sistólica como diastólica. Mediante polisomnografía se documentó el síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño. Luego de iniciado el tratamiento con presión positiva continua sobre la vía aérea se logró un mejor control de la presión arterial y un retorno al patrón circadiano normal de la misma

Somnolencia y calidad de sueño en estudiantes de medicina durante las prácticas hospitalarias y vacaciones

Introducción: se ha descrito alta frecuencia de somnolencia diurna (SD) y mala calidad del sueño (MCS) en estudiantes de medicina durante sus prácticas hospitalarias y desconocemos lo que sucede durante su período de vacaciones. Objetivo: explorar las diferencias en la SD, MCS y hábitos del sueño en estudiantes durante el periodo de prácticas hospitalarias y vacaciones. Material y método: serie de casos de un solo grupo comparativo en dos períodos. Muestra no probabilística de estudiantes de medicina del 6to año de la Universidad Cayetano Heredia (UPCH). Se aplicó la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth (ESE) y el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh (ICSP) dos semanas antes de finalizar su período de prácticas hospitalarias (prácticas) y dos semanas después de finalizarlas (vacaciones). Resultados: participaron 76 (72%) externos en el período de prácticas y 82 (78%) durante vacaciones. No hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos en la edad y género. Hubo diferencia estadística entre ambos períodos (prácticas vs vacaciones) en los puntajes de ambas escalas: ESE (9,88 vs 8,27 p=0,015) y ICSP (6,53 vs 5,55 p=0,022). Al comparar prácticas con vacaciones, encontramos disminución en el porcentaje de malos durmientes (59% vs 43%, p=0,040), excesiva SD (39% vs 26%, p=0,086), haber dormido d" 6h (68% vs 46%, p=0,006), tener eficiencia subjetiva del sueño < 85% (59% vs 22%, p<0,001) y aumento del número de horas reportadas de sueño (5,97h vs 6,53h, p=0,005) en el periodo de vacaciones. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de medicina tuvieron mala CS y mayor SD durante el período de prácticas cuyos puntajes mejoraron en las vacaciones, aunque la diferencia no alcanzó significancia estadística al comparar excesiva SD. Se observó que en ambos períodos los puntajes de ambas escalas (ESE e ICSP) fueron anormales. Se requiere implementar estudios para evaluar los efectos de dichas alteraciones en su rendimiento académico - asistencial y conocer las razones por las cuales persiste SD y MCS durante sus vacaciones

Emergency response times, response provider and patient satisfaction data for individuals in three Peruvian health care facilities

Questionnaire and results of a study of service quality and promptness of health care formulary used in study of patients involved in road traffic incidents in three different Peruvian cities between August – September 2009

Comparison of two prognostic scores (BSI and FACED) in a Spanish cohort of adult patients with bronchiectasis and improvement of the FACED predictive capacity for exacerbations

Bronchiectasis (BE) is a chronic and heterogeneous respiratory disease that requires a multidimensional scoring system to properly assess severity. The aim of this study was to compare the severity stratification by 2 validated scores (BSI and FACED) in a BE cohort and to determine their predictive capacity for exacerbations and hospitalizations. Moreover, we proposed a modified version of FACED which was created to better predict the risk of exacerbations in clinical practice. We performed a prospective cohort study including BE patients >18 years old with a follow-up period of 1-year. One-hundred eighty-two patients (40% males; mean age 68) were studied. Patients were stratified according to the number of exacerbations during the follow-up, and according to BSI and FACED scores. BSI classified most of our patients as severe 99 (54.4%) or moderate 47 (25.8%), while FACED mainly classified as mild 108 (59.3%) or moderate 61 (33.5%). BSI and FACED showed an area under ROC curve (AUC) for exacerbations of 0.808 and 0.734; and for hospitalizations (due to BE exacerbations) of 0.893 and 0.809, respectively. Subsequently, we modified FACED by adding previous exacerbations (Exa-FACED) and this new score classified patients as mild 48.4%, moderate 34.6% and severe 17.0%, with an improved AUC for exacerbations (0.760) and hospitalizations (0.820). Despite previous validations of BSI and FACED, they classified our patients very differently. As expected, FACED showed poor prognostic capacity for exacerbations. We support the Exa-FACED score to predict the risk future exacerbations for been easy to use in clinical practice

Microbiology and outcomes of community acquired pneumonia in non cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis patients

Background: It is general belief that Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) is characterized by frequent community-acquired pneumonia. Nonetheless, the knowledge on clinical characteristics of CAP in NCFBE is poor and no specific recommendations are available. We aim to investigate clinical and microbiological characteristics of NCFBE patients with CAP. Methods: Prospective observational study of 3495 CAP patients (2000-2011). Results: We found 90 (2.0%) NCFBE-CAP that in comparison with non-bronchiectatic CAP (n, 3405) showed older age (mean ± [SD], NCFBE-CAP 73 ± 14 vs. CAP 65 ± 19yrs), more vaccinations (pneumococcal: 35% vs. 14%; influenza: 60% vs. 42%), comorbidities (n ≥ 2: 43% vs. 25%), previous antibiotics (38% vs. 22%), and inhaled steroids (53% vs. 16%) (p < 0.05 each). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent isolate in both groups (NCFBE-CAP 44.4% vs. CAP 42.7%; p = 0.821) followed by respiratory virus, mixed infections and atypical bacteria. Considering overall frequencies of the main pathogens (including monomicrobial and mixed infections) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.5% vs. 2.9%; p < 0.001) and Enterobacteriaceae (8.8% vs. 2.4%; p = 0.025) were more prevalent in NCFBE-CAP patients than in CAP. Despite these clinical and microbiological differences, NCFBE-CAP showed similar outcomes to CAP patients (mortality, length of hospital stay, etc.). Conclusions: NCFBE-CAP patients are usually older and have more comorbidities but similar outcomes than general CAP population. Usual CAP pathogens, such as S. pneumoniae, are also involved in NCFBE-CAP but P. aeruginosa and other Enterobacteriaceae were globally more frequent than in CAP. Therefore, a wide microbiological investigation should be recommended in all NCFBE-CAP cases as well as routine pneumococcal vaccination for prevention of pneumonia

Factors associated with hospitalization in bronchiectasis exacerbations: a one-year follow-up study

Background: Bronchiectasis (BE) is a chronic structural lung disease with frequent exacerbations, some of which require hospital admission though no clear associated factors have been identified. We aimed to evaluate factors associated with hospitalization due to exacerbations during a 1-year follow-up period. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed in patients recruited from specialized BE clinics. We considered all exacerbations diagnosed and treated with antibiotics during a follow-up period of 1 year. The protocol recorded baseline variables, usual treatments, Bronchiectasis Severity Index (BSI) and FACED scores, comorbid conditions and prior hospitalizations. Results: Two hundred and 65 patients were recruited, of whom 162 required hospital admission during the follow-up period. Independent risk factors for hospital admission were age, previous hospitalization due to BE, use of proton pump inhibitors, heart failure, FACED and BSI, whereas pneumococcal vaccination was a protective factor. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.799 for BSI model was 0.799, and 0.813 for FACED model. Conclusions: Previous hospitalization, use of proton pump inhibitors, heart failure along with BSI or FACED scores is associated factors for developing exacerbations that require hospitalization. Pneumococcal vaccination was protective. This information may be useful for the design of preventive strategies and more intensive follow-up plans

Risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens in bronchiectasis exacerbations

Background: Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is a chronic structural lung condition that courses with recurrent infectious exacerbations that lead to frequent antibiotic treatment making this population more susceptible to acquire pathogens with antibiotic resistance. We aimed to investigate risk factors associated with isolation of multidrug-resistant pathogens in bronchiectasis exacerbations. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in two tertiary-care hospitals, enrolling patients when first exacerbation appeared. Multidrug-resistance was determined according to European Centre of Diseases Prevention and Control classification. Results: Two hundred thirty three exacerbations were included and microorganisms were isolated in 159 episodes. Multidrug-resistant pathogens were found in 20.1% episodes: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (48.5%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (18.2%) and Extended spectrum betalactamase + Enterobacteriaceae (6.1%), and they were more frequent in exacerbations requiring hospitalization (24.5% vs. 10.2%, p: 0.016). Three independent multidrugresistant risk factors were found: chronic renal disease (Odds ratio (OR), 7.60, 95% CI 1.92-30.09), hospitalization in the previous year (OR, 3.88 95% CI 1.37-11.02) and prior multidrug-resistant isolation (OR, 5.58, 95% CI 2.02-15.46). The proportion of multidrug-resistant in the 233 exacerbations was as follows: 3.9% in patients without risk factors, 12.6% in those with 1 factor and 53.6% if ≥2 risk factors. Conclusions: Hospitalization in the previous year, chronic renal disease, and prior multidrug-resistant isolation are risk factors for identification multidrug-resistant pathogens in exacerbations. This information may assist clinicians in choosing empirical antibiotics in daily clinical practice