Pengolahan Limbah daging Industri Penyamakan Kulit Menjadi Makanan Ternak/Ikan Dan Gelatin

Kata kunci: limbah daging industri penyamakan kulit, makanan terna

Pelarutan genangan cairan pencemaran yang melarut terbatas dalam air di dasar arus yang mengalir

ABSTRACT Accidental spills of liquid material into hydrosphere can be classified into three main categories: soluble compounds that mix rapidly with the water, immiscible (insoluble or slightly soluble) compounds that float on the water, and immiscible compounds that sink to the bottom of the watercourse. This last category comprises 47 % of some 250 chemicals listed in the report to the EPA by Pilie et al. (1975). This study is concerned with the pool of soluble high-density immiscible chemical spills on water, as there is short of information on this phenomenom. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of solvation of immiscible chemical pools-water at the bottom. The experiment was carried out in the water bath provided with stirrer and plastic ripples at the bottom. Water was circulated by the circulation pump. The concentration of solute in the circulation tank was measured with cOnductivitymeter. Flow rate of water circulation and plastic ripples dimension were varied. Mathematical model suggested can be used to evaluate the interface mass transfer coefficien of immiscible chemical pools-water at the bottom of flowing streams. The Sherwood number for mass transfer has been obtained in the form: Sh = K\u27 Re4 with the values of K\u27 were 0.150.088and 0.0457 corresponding to the value of 0 0.008m0.010mand 0.012m respectively. Keyword: limbah cai

Improving UV Protection of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Peristrophe bivalvis Extract using UV Absorber

UV radiation from the sun that constantly exposes the skin can cause skin damage such as sunburn and skin cancer. The damage from UV can be reduced by clothing. Increasing UV protection on cotton fabric can be done by adding UV absorbers. The effect of type, treatment, and concentration of UV absorber on cotton dyed with phenoxazine natural dyes from Peristrophe bivalvis was studied. Two types of UV absorber were used, benzophenone and benzotriazole. Concentrations of UV absorber used in this study ranging from 5% to 15% on weight of fabric applied on three treatments, before dyeing, after dyeing, and both. UV protection on the cotton fabric was expressed by the UV Protection Factor (UPF) value. Lightfastness, washing fastness and rubbing fastness were also performed using grayscale. The use of UV absorbers increases the UPF value of dyed cotton by before and after dyeing treatment. The best UPF value was achieved by adding benzotriazole with a concentration of 15% by before and after treatment resulting in a UPF value of 5.45. The results of light fastness, washing fastness, and rubbing fastness ware also improved by the addition of UV absorber

Koefisien perpindahan massa volumetrik, padat - gas dalam kolom fluidisasl

ABSTRAK Data kecepatan perpindahan massa volumetrik antara padatan dengan gas dalam kolom fluidisasi diperlukan untuk perancangan berbagai alat-alat dalam industri kimia. Udara dialirkan dengan kecepatan tertentu ke alas, melalui tumpukan butir-butir kapur barus di dalam tabung yang berbentuk pipa tegak. Sebelum dan sesudah operasi, butir-butir kapur barus ditimbang untuk mengetahui massa yang dipindahkan ke fasa gas. Penelitian dijalankan dengan tinggi tumpukan kapur barus, diameter tabung, kecepatan aliran udara dan diameter kapur barus yang diubah-ubah. Hubungan koefisien perpindahan massa volumetrik antara zat padat dengan gas dalam kolom fluidisasi dengan peubah yang berpengaruh, jika dihitung secara bertahap Key words:masa volumetri

Ekstraksi Beta Karoten Dari Ubi Rambat Dalam Tangki Berpengaduk

The objectives of the research are to evaluate interface mass transfer coefficient (kc), effective diffitsivity (De) beta-carotene in sweet potato, and equilibrium constant (H) of two different shapes of sweet potato. The correlations between the values of kc and the controlling variables are presented as dimensionless equations. Extraction of /3. carotene from sweet potato using a mixture of acetone and diethyl ether as a solvent was carried out in an extractor equipped with a thermometer, mercury mixer, heater, and water cooler. The extraction temperature was maintained 40°C. Samples were withdrawn at every 10 minutes interval. The concentration of /3- carotene in the samples were measured with an ultra violet-visible spectrophotometer. The value of equilibrium constant is 0.352 cm3/g solid and the effective diffusivity is 1.8 10-3 cm2/menit. The correlation between the values of kc and the controlling variables of the slice sweet potato can be expressed in the following equation: L pNd2 la3" kcd =0.018( pDL d ) The equation is formulated in the range of Reynolds number from 10,000 to 25,000 and its average relative error is 6.8%. While for particle sweet potato the equation is as follow: 0.613 kcd Dp (pNd,` = 0.002 PDL d II The equation is formulated in the range of Reynolds number from 9,000 to 18,000 and its average relative error is 7.15%

PERINTISAN UNIT PRODUKSI SERBUK ZAT WARNA ALAMI UNTUK MAKANAN

The finalgoal of this research umbrella was the construction of production unit of naturaldye for food on an economical scale and a simple process which is appropriate for the small and medium industries. The specific purpose of the first year research was to obtain raw materials and an optimum condition of natural dye extraction. The extraction of flavonoid from Rose was carried out by varyingthe citrictacid concentration in water solution, citrict acid adding method, and extraction temperature. Meanwhile the extraction of chlorophyl from Suji leaves were conducted by varying the solvent, colloid sedimentation method, the ratio of leaves weight and solvent volume, as well as the temperature. Powder productions from the extracts were done by spray dryer and tray dryer, with the variation of temperature, pH, and the number of filler. Addition of Citric acid to the Rose\u27s filtrate, up to pH = 3.5, will give a good results filltrate colour. The optimum ratio of the solvent volume to the weight of Suji leaf is 200:20.Aceton is a good solvent from the Suji leaf compared to other solventthey are water, alkhohol, and isopropyl ether. The addition of dextrin as a filler can help dissolving natural dyes which are non-polar in water. Addition of dextrin to the extract, the result ofpowder will stable. Based on economic analysis, a Rose is uneconomical as a natural dye source. The spray dryer produce very good powder. Suji leaf is very prospective as raw material natural dyes

Penentuan Kondisi Operasi Optimum Ekstraksi Pewarna Alami Dari Limbah Serbuk Kayu Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) Menggunakan Response Surface Method

The use of natural dyes is an alternative to replace synthetic dyes. One of the natural resources in Indonesia that can be used as a natural dye is wood sawdust of Ulin wood. Phytochemical analysis results showed that the extract of Ulin wood sawdust contains tannin compound, as the chemical of these sawdust is potential as a source of natural dyes. This research is to find the optimum condition of natural dye extraction from Ulin wood sawdust.  Variables observed in this research are temperature, the weight ratio of sawdust to the solvent volume, and mixer rotation speed. The extraction process with a third necked flask with a stirrer, condenser, heat mantle, and with water as solvents. Natural dye content on the extract was analyzed by gravimetry. The optimization of operating variables extraction using Response Surface Method (RSM) with Box-Behnken model. The results that the optimum temperature was 90oC, the weight ratio of Ulin wood sawdust to the solvent volume was 0,25 g/mL, and the optimum mixer rotation speed was 250 rpm. In this optimum condition, the natural dye content in the extracts was 1,2054

Optimasi proses metilasi brazilein hasil ekstrak kayu secang (caesalpinia sappan linn) sebagai bahan pewarna merah alami untuk tekstil

Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi penggunaan pewarna sintesis yang berbahaya bagi manusia dan lingkungan adalah dengan menggunakan pewarna alami. Salah satu bahan pewarna alami yang potensial di Indonesia adalah kayu Secang (Caesalpina sappan L.). Kayu secang mengandung senyawa brazilein yang mampu menghasilkan warna merah. Namun, warna merah yang dihasilkan oleh brazilein sangat tidak stabil terhadap perubahan pH. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan kestabilan warna brazilein terhadap perubahan pH dengan menggunakan metode metilasi. Metilasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan dimetil karbonat (DMC) sebagai agen metilasi yang dikombinasikan dengan kalium iodide (KI) dan kalium karbonat (K2CO3). Metilasi dilakukan menggunakan metode reflux dengan variasi suhu (50, 60, dan 70 oC), waktu (3, 4, dan 5 jam), dan rasio pereaktan (1:5, 1:10, dan 1:15 g brazilein/mL DMC). Kestabilan warna dinyatakan sebagai nilai absorbansi yang diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 535,6 nm. Optimasi kondisi metilasi dilakukan menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Hasil yang optimum didapatkan pada suhu 70 oC, waktu 3,46 jam, dan rasio pereaktan 0,12 g brazilein/mL DMC. Pada kondisi tersebut, penyimpangan nilai absorbansi asam sebesar 28,12% sedangkan penyimpangan nilai absorbansi basa sebesar 0,02%. Kestabilan warna brazilein berhasil ditingkatkan dengan melakukan metilasi pada kondisi optimum