Point d'écoute impossible : géographie d'espace sonore

Point d'écoute impossible est une installation qui s'attache à explorer la notion d'espace sonore. Elle se propose de sillonner, sous l'inspiration de M. C. Escher, des espaces sonores et d'ainsi construire une géographie particulière. Une structure de fils, verticale, abritant des haut-parleurs, est enchâssée dans une série de cinq dispositifs de diffusion. Au centre de la pièce, au milieu de la structure filaire, quatre enceintes, dos à dos, agissent comme un centre de gravité des espaces à venir. Où que l'oreille se pose, elle rencontre un point d'émission de son, où que l'auditeur se trouve, un espace l'appelle. D'un tableau à l'autre, les sons évoquent des lieux que l'espace de l'œuvre transforme, modèle et sculpte en micro-récits. Les promeneurs-auditeurs sont amenés à suivre les anamorphoses sonores qui tracent un paysage audible, morcelé et animé, proche de l'univers visuel d'Escher. Cette œuvre est l'occasion de proposer une première taxinomie des espaces sonores et des rapports qu'ils entretiennent les uns avec les autres, ainsi que d'ouvrir sur la notion de narrativité floue.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : point d'écoute, espaces sonores, sujet écoutant, son, création sonore

Pregnancy and Maternal Behavior Induce Changes in Glia, Glutamate and Its Metabolism within the Cingulate Cortex

An upregulation of the astrocytic proteins GFAP and bFGF within area 2 of the cingulate cortex (Cg2) occurs within 3 hours of parturition in rats. These changes are the result of an interaction between hormonal state and maternal experience and are associated with increased dendritic spine density in this area. Here, we examined whether this upregulation of astrocytic proteins generalized to other glial markers and, in particular those associated with glutamate metabolism. We chose glial markers commonly used to reflect different aspects of glial function: vimentin, like GFAP, is a marker of intermediate filaments; glutamine synthetase (GS), and S-100beta, are used as markers for mature astrocytes and GS has also been used as a specific marker for glutamatergic enzymatic activity. In addition, we examined levels of proteins associated with glutamine synthetase, glutamate, glutamine and two excitatory amino acid transporters found in astrocytes, glt-1 and glast. S100beta immunoreactivity did not vary with reproductive state in either Cg2 or MPOA suggesting no change in the number of mature astrocytes across these conditions. Vimentin-ir did not differ across groups in Cg2, but expression of this protein decreased from Day 1 postpartum onwards in the MPOA. By contrast, GS-ir was increased within 24 h postpartum in Cg2 but not MPOA and similarly to GFAP and bFGF this upregulation of GS resulted from an interaction between hormonal state and maternal experience. Within Cg2, upregulation of GS was not accompanied by changes in the astrocytic glutamatergic transporters, glt-1 and glast, however, an increase in both glutamate and glutamine proteins were observed within the Cg2 of postpartum animals. Together, these changes suggest postpartum upregulation of glutamatergic activity and metabolism within Cg2 that is stimulated by pregnancy hormones and maternal experience

Depression in Patients with Mastocytosis: Prevalence, Features and Effects of Masitinib Therapy

Depression in patients with mastocytosis is often reported but its prevalence and characteristics are not precisely described. In addition, the impact of therapies targeting mast cells proliferation, differentiation and degranulation on psychic symptoms of depression have never been investigated. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and to describe features of depression in a large cohort of mastocytosis patients (n = 288) and to investigate the therapeutic impact of the protein kinase inhibitor masitinib in depression symptoms. The description of depression was based on the analysis of a database with Hamilton scores using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Efficacy of masitinib therapy was evaluated using non parametric Wilcoxon test for paired data within a three months period (n = 35). Our results show that patients with indolent mastocytosis present an elevated prevalence of depression (64%). Depression was moderate in 56% but severe in 8% of cases. Core symptoms (such as psychic anxiety, depressed mood, work and interests) characterized depression in mastocytosis patients. Masitinib therapy was associated with significant improvement (67% of the cases) of overall depression, with 75% of recovery cases. Global Quality of Life slightly improved after masitinib therapy and did not predicted depression improvement. In conclusion, depression is very frequent in mastocytosis patients and masitinib therapy is associated with the reduction its psychic experiences. We conclude that depression in mastocytosis may originate from processes related to mast cells activation. Masitinib could therefore be a useful treatment for mastocytosis patients with depression and anxiety symptoms

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish

Behaviour represents a reaction to the environment as fish perceive it and is therefore a key element of fish welfare. This review summarises the main findings on how behavioural changes have been used to assess welfare in farmed fish, using both functional and feeling-based approaches. Changes in foraging behaviour, ventilatory activity, aggression, individual and group swimming behaviour, stereotypic and abnormal behaviour have been linked with acute and chronic stressors in aquaculture and can therefore be regarded as likely indicators of poor welfare. On the contrary, measurements of exploratory behaviour, feed anticipatory activity and reward-related operant behaviour are beginning to be considered as indicators of positive emotions and welfare in fish. Despite the lack of scientific agreement about the existence of sentience in fish, the possibility that they are capable of both positive and negative emotions may contribute to the development of new strategies (e. g. environmental enrichment) to promote good welfare. Numerous studies that use behavioural indicators of welfare show that behavioural changes can be interpreted as either good or poor welfare depending on the fish species. It is therefore essential to understand the species-specific biology before drawing any conclusions in relation to welfare. In addition, different individuals within the same species may exhibit divergent coping strategies towards stressors, and what is tolerated by some individuals may be detrimental to others. Therefore, the assessment of welfare in a few individuals may not represent the average welfare of a group and vice versa. This underlines the need to develop on-farm, operational behavioural welfare indicators that can be easily used to assess not only the individual welfare but also the welfare of the whole group (e. g. spatial distribution). With the ongoing development of video technology and image processing, the on-farm surveillance of behaviour may in the near future represent a low-cost, noninvasive tool to assess the welfare of farmed fish.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal [SFRH/BPD/42015/2007]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Etude préliminaire de développement et d'évaluation d'un réseau ville-hôpital au service d'accueil des urgences de l'hôpital Cochin

Dans le cadre du développement d un réseau ville-hôpital au SAU Cochin, ce travail original vise à évaluer les solutions les plus adaptées afin d améliorer le service rendu aux praticiens de ville, la continuité des soins et la prise en charge globale des patients. Celle-ci passe inévitablement par une communication efficace des différents acteurs de soins. Cette étude prospective montre le cloisonnement persistant et la faible coopération médicale entre la ville et l hôpital dans la prise en charge et le suivi des patients. Les médecins de ville sont globalement satisfaits de leur relation avec le SAU malgré un retour d informations irrégulier et aléatoire. Urgentistes et médecins de ville expriment une réelle motivation pour l expérimentation et l apprentissage d un travail en réseau. L avènement des outils informatiques et téléphoniques en pratique médicale courante est une opportunité pour aménager des voies de communication directe et un transfert de données en temps réel à double sens. Un système d échange confidentiel reposant sur une plate-forme de partage de données au SAU, via Internet, et l envoi de messages email et/ou SMS semble le plus adapté. La place d une régulation locale au sein des SAU doit être évalué en partenariat avec les différents acteurs de l urgence afin d organiser des filières d amont et orienter les patients vers des réseaux de soins hospitaliers. De nouvelles évaluations devront suivre la mise en place de ce réseau.ST QUENTIN EN YVELINES-BU (782972101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Evaluation de la prise en charge de la douleur dans les crises vaso-occlusives drépanocytaires aux urgences pédiatriques du CHU de Bordeaux

La drépanocytose est une maladie génétique rare, caractérisée par la présence d'une hémoglobine anormale, l'hémoglobine S, entraînant une rhéologie anormale des hématies à l'origine de manifestations vaso-occlusives. Ces complications sont à l'origine de douleurs récidivantes. Cette étude rétrospective étudiait la prise en charge de la douleur dans les crises vaso-occlusives (43 épisodes) chez une population de 20 enfants drépanocytaires, issue des consultations aux urgences pédiatriques du CHU de Bordeaux du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2007. L'objectif de ce travail est comparé les pratiques médicales et infirmières aux recommandations de l'HAS. Les résultats montrent un défaut d'évaluation de la douleur à l'admission (83,7 %) et de son suivi, un traitement pré-hospitalier insuffisant, un traitement hospitalier administré trop tardivement (1 h 06 alors qu'il devrait l'être en moins de 30 min) avec un soulagement des enfants en 3 h 15 au lieu d'une heure. Les recommandations de l'HAS ne sont suivies que dans 46,5 % des cas. Ce travail soulève également les difficultés du personnel soignant devant la douleur d'un enfant, leur incompréhension, et leurs craintes face à l'utilisation de la machine avec la notion d'addiction et son diagnostic différentiel, la pseudo addiction. On peut conclure que les recommandations de l'HAS sont insuffisamment suivies pour la gestion de la douleur dans les crises douloureuses vaso-occlusives.BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Behavioural and glial changes in old rats following environmental enrichment.

The effects of enriched environment on short-term memory for event durations and on astrocytes (cell density, cell area and % of GFAP immunoreactivity) in hippocampus (Hi), frontal cortex (FC) and corpus callosum (CC) were analysed in old rats housed from weaning to the end of behavioural testing (23 months) either in standard (SC) or in enriched (EC) conditions and in young adults (5 months) all housed in SC. Old SC and EC and young SC rats trained (for 2 months) or not, in a Symbolic Delayed Matching to Sample Task, had to discriminate and remember two (2- and 10-s) signals after short retention intervals. Results confirm the aging-related acquisition and memory deficit. EC reduced the slowness of acquisition, reversed the short-term memory deficit and promoted the retention of the short signal (choose short effect). Old SC naive rats had many hypertrophied astrocytes with long processes in Hi and CC while old EC rats had decreased astrocytes number and size. The behavioural testing resulted in young adult SC rats in Hi and CC, in increased astrocytes number, size and GFAP% and in their decrease in old SC rats. EC and testing have additive effects (very low astrocytes number, size and GFAP%) to compensate for the aging-induced gliosis, mostly in Hi

Prefrontal cortex aspiration in pups and juvenile rats: behavioural changes and recovery of function.

Male Wistar rats sustaining prefrontal cortex aspiration or sham operation at 6 days or 30 days of age were submitted to the following behavioural tests: open-field, acquisition and retention of two-way active as well as passive avoidance tasks. In the open-field the locomotor activity proved enhanced in all the aspirated animals and this enhancement lasted for 30 days. In the two-day active avoidance task, an acquisition deficit was observed in both aspirated groups; but when retrained one month later, they were able to acquire the avoidance task like sham-operated rats and no difference appeared between the groups aspirated at 6 or at 30 days of age. Concerning the passive avoidance task, no difference could be detected between aspirated and sham-operated animals of both groups except that the rats aspirated at an early age (6 days) seemed to display a better avoidance ability in the retention test. These behavioural alterations (hyperactivity and impairment of the acquisition of the 2-way active avoidance) resulted from the prefrontal cortex aspiration, at whatever age this aspiration was performed (6 days or 30 days). They disappeared after a postoperative recovery period of about one month, as evidenced by this longitudinal study

Dynamic nuclear polarization with nitroxides dissolved in biological fluids.

The most widely used free radicals for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments or related Overhauser imaging are nitroxides. The DNP parameters in biological fluids were measured in order to provide guidelines for the design of new nitroxides, adapted to the biological applications of DNP. Eighteen nitroxides were studied at a concentration of 1 mM. Extrapolation at complete electron paramagnetic resonance saturation and proton longitudinal-relaxation-time measurements enable calculation of the coupling factor between nitroxide free electrons and water protons. In deoxygenated phosphate-buffered solutions, the NMR signal enhancement by DNP ranged from -36.3 to -6.7, and the coupling factor ranged from 0.31 to 0.03. Nitroxides with a long side chain yield poor enhancement, although their relaxivity is far greater than that of nitroxides with small chains. In a 1 mM albumin solution, the loss in enhancement factor is mainly caused by the fact that proton relaxation occurs via interactions, not only with the dissolved free radicals but also with the albumin macromolecules. In serum, the enhancement factor is lower than that in an albumin solution, because of the higher protein concentration in serum. In red-blood-cell suspensions, the enhancement factor was further decreased. Two effects contribute to this decrease: first, the increased viscosity due to the presence of red blood cells, and second, the susceptibility effects of the paramagnetism of deoxyhemoglobin. The high sensitivity to oxygen of DNP in phosphate-buffered solution is also greatly reduced when nitroxides are dissolved in blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS