Different levels of product model granularity in design process simulation

The design of many products is incremental, based on a prior architecture and may be thought of as a series of changes to an existing design. Nonetheless, design changes and their propagation complicate design process planning. They are a major source of rework and lead to frequent rescheduling and reprioritisation of design tasks. Few methods exist to estimate the impact of such planning decisions with regard to both the design process and the product. Process simulation may provide support in this context when it is based on an appropriate description of the product. However, it can be hard to determine a suitable level of description, or granularity, for the product model. This article explores, by reference to a diesel engine, the implications of product model granularity for simulating design change propagation, and design process planning

Effects of Flupyradifurone and Two Reference Insecticides Commonly Used in Toxicological Studies on the Larval Proteome of the Honey bee Apis mellifera

The western honey bee Apis mellifera is globally distributed due to its beekeeping advantages and plays an important role in the global ecology and economy. In recent decades, several studies have raised concerns about bee decline. Discussed are multiple reasons such as increased pathogen pressure, malnutrition or pesticide use. Insecticides are considered to be one of the major factors. In 2013, the use of three neonicotinoids in the field was prohibited in the EU. Flupyradifurone was introduced as a potential successor; it has a comparable mode of action as the banned neonicotinoids. However, there is a limited number of studies on the effects of sublethal concentrations of flupyradifurone on honey bees. Particularly, the larval physiological response by means of protein expression has not yet been studied. Hence, the larval protein expression was investigated via 2D gel electrophoresis after following a standardised protocol to apply sublethal concentrations of the active substance (flupyradifurone 10 mg/kg diet) to larval food. The treated larvae did not show increased mortality or an aberrant development. Proteome comparisons showed clear differences concerning the larval metabolism, immune response and energy supply. Further field studies are needed to validate the in vitro results at a colony level

3.13 Tank mixtures of insecticides and fungicides, adjuvants, additives, fertilizers and their effects on honey bees after contact exposure in a spray chamber

In agriculture honey bees may be exposed to multiple pesticides. In contrast to single applications of plant protection products (PPP), the effects of tank mixtures of two or more PPP on honey bees are not routinely assessed in the risk assessment of plant protection products. However, tank mixes are often common practice by farmers. Mixtures of practically non-toxic substances can lead to synergistic increase of toxic effects on honey bees, observed for the first time in 19921 in combinations of pyrethroids and azole fungicides. 2004 Iwasa et al. already reported that ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (EBI) fungicides strongly increase the toxicity of neonicotinoids in laboratory for the contact exposure route. Furthermore, in agricultural practice additives, adjuvants and fertilizers may be added to the spray solution. For these additives usually no informations on potential side effects on bees are available when mixed with plant protection products. Therefore, it is considered necessary to investigate possible additive or synergistic impacts and evaluate potentially critical combinations to ensure protection of bees. Here, we investigated the effects on bees of combinations of insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers under controlled laboratory conditions. A spray chamber was used to evaluate effects following contact exposure by typical field application rates. Subsequently, mortality and behaviour of bees were monitored for at least 48 h following the OECD acute contact toxicity test 2143. Dependencies of synergistic effects and the time intervals between the applications of the mixing partners were evaluated.In agriculture honey bees may be exposed to multiple pesticides. In contrast to single applications of plant protection products (PPP), the effects of tank mixtures of two or more PPP on honey bees are not routinely assessed in the risk assessment of plant protection products. However, tank mixes are often common practice by farmers. Mixtures of practically non-toxic substances can lead to synergistic increase of toxic effects on honey bees, observed for the first time in 19921 in combinations of pyrethroids and azole fungicides. 2004 Iwasa et al. already reported that ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (EBI) fungicides strongly increase the toxicity of neonicotinoids in laboratory for the contact exposure route. Furthermore, in agricultural practice additives, adjuvants and fertilizers may be added to the spray solution. For these additives usually no informations on potential side effects on bees are available when mixed with plant protection products. Therefore, it is considered necessary to investigate possible additive or synergistic impacts and evaluate potentially critical combinations to ensure protection of bees. Here, we investigated the effects on bees of combinations of insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers under controlled laboratory conditions. A spray chamber was used to evaluate effects following contact exposure by typical field application rates. Subsequently, mortality and behaviour of bees were monitored for at least 48 h following the OECD acute contact toxicity test 2143. Dependencies of synergistic effects and the time intervals between the applications of the mixing partners were evaluated

Efeito da erosão extrínseca nas forças de adesão de uma peça de resina a esmalte: comparação in vitro de dois métodos de cimentação

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas MonizObjetivo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a resistência de adesão de uma peça de resina a esmalte erodido e não erodido, utilizando dois métodos de cimentação. Como objetivo secundário, pretendeu-se averiguar se existe correlação entre as forças de adesão e o tipo de fraturas ocorridas no teste de microtração e entre as forças de adesão e a espessura da camada de cimento.Materiais e Métodos: Nesta investigação in vitro serão utilizados quarenta incisivos inferiores de bovino, hígidos, que serão divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais (n=20) segundo o protocolo de adesão. No primeiro grupo os dentes não serão sujeitos a qualquer protocolo de erosão, funcionando como grupo de controlo. No segundo, vão sofrer um processo de erosão ácida antes da cimentação simulando a erosão extrínseca provocada pela ingestão abusiva de refrigerantes. Cada grupo será depois dividido em dois subgrupos, variando entre eles o tipo de cimentação testado. Dez dentes serão usados para testar cimento resinoso, os outros dez para testar a cimentação com resina aquecida. Depois da cimentação, os dentes serão armazenados 24 horas num frasco com água destilada, numa estufa a 37º Celsius. Posteriormente serão seccionados por uma lâmina diamantada sob irrigação, na direção X e Y de forma a se obterem palitos com 0,9±0,2 milímetros (mm) para serem testados numa máquina de testes universal a uma velocidade de 0,5 milímetros por minuto (mm/min). As forças de adesão, variável dependente neste estudo, serão calculadas através da divisão da força aplicada no momento da fratura (N) do palito pela área da superfície aderida (mm2), e serão expressas em MPa. As forças de adesão serão analisadas estatisticamente para comparar os dois métodos de cimentação e estudar o efeito da pré-erosão extrínseca do esmalte dentário na adesão da resina.Resultados: As forças de adesão entre o esmalte e a resina não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os vários grupos estudados. Não se encontraram correlações entre as forças de adesão e o tipo de fratura, nem entre as forças de adesão e a espessura do cimento.Conclusões: A erosão do esmalte não influenciou a adesão da peça de resina em nenhum dos casos. Apresentando os dois sistemas adesivos valores similares de adesão