Cooperative Wool Marketing in South Dakota

The question of orderly marketing and cooperative marketing is foremost in the minds of agricultural leaders today. There is perhaps no agricultural commodity so susceptible to orderly marketing as wool. It is consumed throughout the whole year, but usually marketed by the producer in six weeks to two month\u27s time. This practice of marketing the greater part of the Nation\u27s wool clip in so short a time has encouraged the rapid growth of wool buyers and speculators, who buy up the wool when there is but little market demand and hold it to sell later when supplies are short. There are some 5,000 wool speculators operating today in the United States. A smaller number could in all probability handle the selling of the wool just as efficiently with less expense, if producers would change their methods of marketing. The producer of wool is entitled to the price paid by the consumer less the minimum cost of marketing. This will never be possible under the present methods of marketing practiced by most wool growers. It is possible, however, by marketing wool cooperatively, for here lies the opportunity of putting the wool into the hands of the manufacturer at a minimum cost. Through orderly marketing the wool can be sold when mill demand develops and these savings reflected to the producer of wool

Step in the Organization of a Cooperative Marketing Association

In almost every community there is someone agitating the formation of a cooperative marketing association. Sometimes it is just spite work on the part of the agitator, because he had a disagreement with the local buyer. On the other hand, many times the party in question has a genuine interest in cooperative marketing and really wants to see an organization formed for the good of the community. It is seldom advisable to call a meeting of farmers as soon as someone makes the suggestion of organizing a cooperative organization. As a rule it will be found, if a meeting is called right away, that the interest lies only with a few which discourages further work on the proposition. It is advisable to give the discussion plenty of time to grow so that one farmer will hear it from another. In this way interest will be created and plenty of time will be allowed for thinking the proposition over. After the discussion has reached a point where action seems advisable, someone interested can ask the county agent to call a meeting or if there is no county agent, can call it himself. All those who have expressed themselves as favorable should be asked to attend

Ultrasound mapping of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma: Results of a prospective multicenter study

Background: Ultrasound (sonography, B-mode sonography, ultrasonography) examination improves the sensitivity in more than 25% compared to the clinical palpation, especially after surgery on the regional lymph node area. Objective: To evaluate the distribution of metastases during follow-up in the draining lymph node areas from the scar of primary to regional lymph nodes ( head and neck, supraclavicular, axilla, infraclavicular, groin) in patients with cutaneous melanoma with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or former elective or consecutive complete lymph node dissection in case of positive sentinel lymph node (CLND). Methods: Prospective multicenter study of the Departments of Dermatology of the Universities of Homburg/Saar, Tubingen and Munich (Germany) in which the distribution of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases were mapped from the scar of primary to the lymphatic drainage region in 53 melanoma patients ( 23 women, 30 men; median age: 64 years; median tumor thickness: 1.99 mm) with known primary, visible lymph nodes or subcutaneous metastases proven by ultrasound and histopathology during the follow-up. Results: Especially in the axilla, infraclavicular region and groin the metastases were not limited to the anatomic lymph node regions. In 5 patients (9.4%) ( 4 of them were in stage IV) lymph node metastases were not located in the corresponding lymph node area. 32 patients without former SLNB had a time range between melanoma excision and lymph node metastases of 31 months ( median), 21 patients with SLNB had 18 months ( p < 0.005). In 11 patients with positive SLNB the time range was 17 months, in 10 patients with negative SLNB 21 months ( p < 0.005); in 32 patients with CLND the time range was 31 m< 0.005). In thinner melanomas lymph node metastases occurred later ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: After surgery of cutaneous melanoma, SLNB and CLND the lymphatic drainage can show significant changes which should be considered in clinical and ultrasound follow-up examinations. Especially for high-risk melanoma patients follow-up examinations should be performed at intervals of 3 months in the first years. Patients at stage IV should be examined in all regional lymph node areas clinically and by ultrasound. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

On the direction of transcription of cloned genes in Neurospora crassa.

On the direction of transcription of cloned genes in Neurospora crassa

Farm Women\u27s Markets

This circular is written in response to the many requests regarding the organization and operation of farm women\u27s markets. There is no satisfactory outlet for the surplus that farm women have to sell after family requirements have been satisfied. However, the women feel that this extra amount should be turned into cash as good use can be made of the money. This “pin-money as it is often called, is many times about all that is available for some of the things the family needs. In normal times, this extra money is used for improving the home and many times is the means of sending the son or daughter to high school or college. The situation today of materially reduced incomes has demonstrated the real value of this extra income in that it has been one of the principal means of supplying ready money. This circular is intended to answer the questions as to methods of organization, what to sell, how to manage a market, and also to describe the markets already in existence in South Dakota. The plan and principles of cooperation as applied to other agricultural marketing associations can be applied successfully to farm women\u27s markets

The impact of significant input of fine sediment on benthic fauna at tributary junctions: a case study of the Bermejo-Paraguay River confluence, Argentina

This study examines the morphological features, suspended sediment inputs and hydraulic conditions within a large river in association with ecological patterns before and after a tributary confluence. In order to examine these effects, the macroinvertebrate distributions from three reaches of the Paraguay and Bermejo Rivers (Paraguay-Argentina) are investigated. The Bermejo River is a tributary that supplies significant quantities of fine sediment to the Paraguay River, primarily in suspension. Two reaches were examined on the Paraguay River, upstream and downstream of the Bermejo River junction, with the third study reach located on the Bermejo River, upstream of the confluence with the Paraguay River. The results provide clear evidence that a significantly increased loading of fine sediment at a river confluence has effects on the distribution and potential movement of benthic invertebrates in the lotic environment by representing physical barriers at affected sites. These effects may be important at both local and regional scales, and such increases in suspended sediment (especially associated with anthropogenic change) may thus pose a major threat to ecosystem integrity that has been historically underestimated

Wind on the boundary for the Abelian sandpile model

We continue our investigation of the two-dimensional Abelian sandpile model in terms of a logarithmic conformal field theory with central charge c=-2, by introducing two new boundary conditions. These have two unusual features: they carry an intrinsic orientation, and, more strangely, they cannot be imposed uniformly on a whole boundary (like the edge of a cylinder). They lead to seven new boundary condition changing fields, some of them being in highest weight representations (weights -1/8, 0 and 3/8), some others belonging to indecomposable representations with rank 2 Jordan cells (lowest weights 0 and 1). Their fusion algebra appears to be in full agreement with the fusion rules conjectured by Gaberdiel and Kausch.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figure

Superacid resin-based heterogeneous catalysts for the selective acylation of 1,2-methylenedioxybenzene

In this work, we firstly report on the use of highly active and selective Aquivion superacid resins as heterogeneous catalysts for the acylation of 1,2-methylenedioxybenzene (MDB) with propionic anhydride (AP). The reaction was investigated and optimized using solvent-free conditions to selectively produce 3,4-methylenedioxypropiophenone (MDP1P), a key intermediate for the manufacture of active ingredients used in insecticide formulations with a volume of production of roughly 3000 t/y. Interestingly, Aquivion-based catalysts allows to work in mild reaction conditions (i. e. 80 °C), obtaining MDP1P yields as high as 44 % after only 1 h of reaction (selectivity 83 %). A detailed study of the AP reactivity demonstrated its tendency to promote oligomerization reactions that, as confirmed by ex-situ and in-situ FT-ATR analyses, caused the deactivation of the catalyst forming surficial carbonaceous residues. In this context, a fast oxidation of the resin surface organic residues using a diluted HNO3 (or H2O2) solution was proven to be an efficient method to regenerate the catalyst, which can be reused for several reaction cycles. The results obtained in preliminary scale-up tests were basically unaffected by the reaction volume (up to 800 mL), paving the way for possible future applications of the process

The lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 interacts with hepatitis C virus NS5A and is a negative regulator of viral particle production

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a considerable global health and economic burden. The HCV nonstructural protein (NS) 5A is essential for the viral life cycle. The ability of NS5A to interact with different host and viral proteins allow it to manipulate cellular pathways and regulate viral processes, including RNA replication and virus particle assembly. As part of a proteomic screen, we identified several NS5A-binding proteins, including the lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3). We confirmed the interaction in the context of viral replication by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies. Mutational analyses revealed that the MYND-domain of SMYD3 and domain III of NS5A are required for the interaction. Overexpression of SMYD3 resulted in decreased intracellular and extracellular virus titers, whilst viral RNA replication remained unchanged, suggesting that SMYD3 negatively affects HCV particle production in a NS5A-dependent manner. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc