Information disclosure by the European Union as a tool to improve implementation? A comparative analysis of the perception of domestic regulators

En the implementation of european union law is not without problems, and there are many potential solutions to address this situation. This article analyzes the impact of information disclosure by the european union (eu) on the application of eu policy in the member states according to domestic regulators. By comparatively analyzing eu directives on air safety and pollution prevention in the netherlands, poland, and portugal, this study illustrates that domestic street-level actors hold mixed perceptions about the utilization of information. Eu-level disclosure is only perceived to be effective when the information is collected by a trusted external actor, and when it is discussed confidentially among stakeholders

Estimating of shipping emissions in the Samsun Port from 2010 to 2015

Turkey has an important role in maritime transport because it is surrounded on three sides by the sea and is strategically located between Asia and Europe. Therefore, air pollution due to ships is an important issue for Turkey. This study was carried out in Samsun, which is an important port on the Black Sea coast. Between 2010 and 2015, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter less than 10 mu m size (PM10) from six different ship types were calculated for different operating modes. The estimated values for NOx, SO2, HC and PM10, were 728 tons, 574 tons, 32 tons and 64 tons, respectively. The highest emission values were generated by general cargo ships. The highest percentage of total pollutants (71.6% for NOx, 65.9% for SO2, 54.9% for HC and 62.9% for PM10) were generated in cruising mode by Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off) ships. Additionally, the maneuvering emissions were from 12.6% to 42.4% and the hoteling emissions were from 6.0% to 51.1% in total for all pollutants. In Ro-Ro ships, 80% of the total emissions are generated while the main engine is operational