Examining Enneagram Personality Type 5 through Photography

Undergraduate 2-

Questions and responses in Lao

This paper surveys the structure of questions and their responses in Lao, a Southwestern Tai language spoken in Laos, Thailand, and Cambodia. Data are from video-recordings of naturally occurring conversation in Vientiane, Laos. An outline of the lexico-grammatical options for formulating questions describes content (‘WH’) questions and polar (‘yes/no’) questions. The content question forms are from a set of indefinite pronouns. The WHAT, WHERE, and WHO categories have higher token frequency than the other categories. Polar questions are mostly formed by the addition of different turn-final markers, with different meanings. ‘Declarative questions’ (i.e., polar questions which are formally identical to statements) are common. An examination of the interactional functions of questions in the data show asymmetries between polar and content questions, with content questions used mostly for requesting information, while polar questions are also widely used for requesting confirmation, among other things. There is discussion of the kinds of responses that are appropriate or preferred given certain types of question. Alongside discussion of numerous examples, the paper provides quantitative data on the frequencies of various patterns in questions and responses. These data form part of a large-scale, ten-language coding study

The Export Trading Company Act of 1982 and the photovoltaics industry: An assessment

The potential advantages of recent export promotion legislation for the U.S. photovoltaics industry were assessed. The provisions of the Export Trading Company Act of 1982 were reviewed and the export trade sector was surveyed to determine what impact the Act is haviang on export company activity. The photovoltaics industry was then studied to determine whether the Act offers particular advantages for promoting its product overseas

Frames, biases, and cultural transmission

What causes a language to be the way it is? Some features are universal, some are inherited, others are borrowed, and yet others are internally innovated. But no matter where a bit of language is from, it will only exist if it has been diffused and kept in circulation through social interaction in the history of a community. This book makes the case that a proper understanding of the ontology of language systems has to be grounded in the causal mechanisms by which linguistic items are socially transmitted, in communicative contexts. A biased transmission model provides a basis for understanding why certain things and not others are likely to develop, spread, and stick in languages. Because bits of language are always parts of systems, we also need to show how it is that items of knowledge and behavior become structured wholes. The book argues that to achieve this, we need to see how causal processes apply in multiple frames or 'time scales' simultaneously, and we need to understand and address each and all of these frames in our work on language. This forces us to confront implications that are not always comfortable: for example, that "a language" is not a real thing but a convenient fiction, that language-internal and language-external processes have a lot in common, and that tree diagrams are poor conceptual tools for understanding the history of languages. By exploring avenues for clear solutions to these problems, this book suggests a conceptual framework for ultimately explaining, in causal terms, what languages are like and why they are like that

INFLUENCE OF THE POSTHARVEST ENVIRONMENT ON THE STORAGE POTENTIAL AND PROPAGATION PERFORMANCE OF UNROOTED CUTTINGS OF HERBACEOUS ORNAMENTALS

Plants propagated from vegetative cuttings have become an increasingly important market in the United States. Significant economic losses occur annually due to poor performance, damage or death of cuttings. This occurs in large part due to the industry\u27s lack of knowledge of the proper postharvest environments to provide to cuttings. This project was conducted to improve the understanding of the postharvest physiology of unrooted cuttings in order to optimize performance and longevity. Experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of temperature on respiration and ethylene production rates of unrooted cuttings. Additionally, the effect of the stock plant environment on the initial carbohydrate concentration of cuttings and the subsequent postharvest performance was also explored. Respiration rates of vegetative cuttings were greatest 2 h after harvest and decreased rapidly during the first 24 h. As postharvest temperature increased, the initial respiration rate increased. Regardless of how long poinsettia cuttings were stored at 10 °, when they were transferred to 20 ° respiration rates increased. A decline in rooting quality was noticeable 2 to 4 d prior to a decline in shoot quality. Storage potential of poinsettia cuttings was maximal at 10°. Ethylene production in vegetative cuttings was directly correlated to storage temperature. As storage temperature increased, ethylene production increased. Poinsettia cuttings harvested in the evening produced more ethylene than cuttings harvested in the morning. Stock plant growing environment also impacts cutting postharvest performance. Adventitious root formation in propagation is related to the carbohydrate status of the unrooted cuttings. Carbohydrate levels were 2.5-times greater in plants that were grown in high-light than plants grown in low-light conditions. Carbohydrate status was not significantly correlated with ethylene production; however, rooting performance was positively correlated with carbohydrate status, as carbohydrate concentrations increased, rooting increased