Application of Immunohistochemical Avidin-Biotin Complex Method (IMHC-ABC) for the Identification of Tularemia Agent in the Tissues of Wild Hare Flesh in FYRoM

The study presents the results achieved from the application of the immunohistochemical avidin-biotin complex method (IMHC-ABC) or the assessment of the risk of the presence of the Tularemia antigen in the flesh of hares haunted by the hunters in some of the regions of Macedonia, the ex-republic of Yugoslavia. The study indicates the method applied in 70 samples taken from the hares killed by the hunters, as well as some samples taken from the restaurants which offer in their menu. The study results with the identification of 4 positive cases with Tularemia from the samples submitted to this check. The check is significant, as it presents a method of assessment of the risk of the meat of the hares with the presence of this zoonotic disease, as well as it exposes a method which has not been applied before for this disease in the region.Keywords:  Immunohistochemical, avidin-biotin method, tularemia, FYROM-Macedonia, IMHC

CHECK OF WILD RABBIT MEAT IN MACEDONIA

In this duty were performed the immunohistochemical examinations of 295 tissues and organs of suspected rabbits and 70 specimens from the tissues of the rabbits killed by the hunters in Macedonia in the regions of Dibresh, Nerove, Allbance, Presille, Bellushine, Haracine, Tearce etc.. These samples were collected from the shops and the restaurants which served rabbit meat in theor menu. The number of collected samples was considerable considering that the population of the above mentioned areas prefers mostly the consume of the wild rabbit meat. The meat of wild rabbit is consumed by the hunters and their families as well as some luxurious restaurants. The meat of wild rabbit in Macedonia is used also in touristic areas. The collected samples were sent at the SKE Lab at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in which were realized 70 formalin-fixed samples according to the protocol which accompanied the Kit. Based on the fat of the kidneys, the carcasses were analyzed in three categories (good, moderated weak) The tissue samples were collected to be examined fresh or stored in 10% buffered formalin for histological and immunohistochemical examination. From the organ samles were prepared microscopic stripes that were stained with the classic hematoxylin eosin and ABC method. The prepared stripes were examined in a light microscope laboratory. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) model Avidin Biotin Complex (ABC), IHC-ABC, was applied and detected by microscopy the presence of F-tularensis lipopolysaccharide antigens in the rabbit tissue sections. Positive with a lesion in the organ resulted 12 samples (0.6%) of the examined tissues with immunohistochemistry were found to be be affected at least one of the observed organs. The total of the immunohistologic positive samples was dominated by the lung with 5 positive cases. The presence of macroscopy hotbeds was visible with white colour and in the nodules with diameter of 0,1-1,0 cm in special organs or more than one organ. The hunters should be warmed for the presence of tularemia. The presence of the macroscopically visible grey colored in white hotbeds in the nodules with diameters of  0.1 -1.0 cm in the body, more or less the same as the paralyzing agent and the agent for the presence of tularemia. The results of the immunohistochemical examination are presented considerably lower compared with the results of the same alternative, but in rabbit samples that resulted seropositive. Only 12 samples (0.6%) of the examined tissues with the immunohistocation of rabbits were found positive with a lesion in the organs where they were found to be affected at least in one of the observed organs.Keywords: Wild rabbit, meat, samples, methods, Macedonia

Tularemia under Histological and Immunohistochemistry Examinations

Francisella tularensis is the aetiological agent of tularemia. Hares, rabbits, and small rodents are the main hosts. Humans can be infected and develop severe clinical symptoms. The occurrence of tularemia was studied with histological and immunohistochemistry examinations in 257 Lepus europaeus tissue samples in different parts of Macedonia (FYROM). Francisella tularensis seems to be an important pathogen in the surveyed area.The postmortem findings in hares dying of tularemia were characterized by focal coagulative necrosis in liver, spleen and bone marrow, with high numbers of gram-positive bacteria for Francisellatularensis. In Lepus europaeus tissue samples the most characteristic findings were hemorrhagic enteritis and typhlitis, although necrotic lesions could occur in liver, spleen and bone marrow. The presence of granulomatous inflammation was used as an indicator of Francisellatularensis infection. Further samples are being analyzed and advanced tests will be used in order to identify the most proper and affordable screening and confirmatory tests for monitoring the epidemiological situation of Francisellatularensisinfection. The sampling of tissues and organs is a simple process, less costly and more effective for the evaluation ofcases of tularemia in the population of rabbits under histological and immunohistochemistry examinations. Postmortem histological and immunohistochemical examinations were the simplest methods of work.Keywords: Tularemia, Francisellatularensis, Lepus europaeus, tissue samples

TULAREMIA IN EUROPEAN BROWN HARE IN THE WESTERN PART OF FYROM MACEDONIA

Tularemia is a communicable bacterial disease which affects both humans and animals. Recently, there are reported severe human cases in Kosovo, Montenegro, the Northern part of Albania and Macedonia. The European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) plays an important role as reservoirs of Francisella tularensis infection. In order to study the prevalence of F. tularensis infection we designed a longitudinal study in hares based on both agglutination test and histopathological results. In this study, we report the preliminary results based on tested samples submitted during 2014-2015 and Spring 2016. Samples are taken from different villages of Fyrom Macedonia such as: Debresh, Nerove, Allbance, Presille, Bellushine, Haracine, Tearce etc.. The serologic test by using F. tularensis antigen was performed at the infectious & wildlife diseases laboratories, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Tirana. In addition, we described gross lesions in suspected cases. 14 out of 127 samples were positive in agglutination test Presence of granulomatous inflammation was used as an indicator of F. tularensis infection. Further samples are being analyzed and advanced tests will be used in order to identify the most proper and affordable screening and confirmatory tests for monitoring the epidemiological situation of F. tularensis infection. Despite the serologic test, postmortem examination, Histological examination were also realized. We are in the process of realizing histological examination and bacteria isolation

RELATION BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITY (PWC170) AND STATIC RELATIVE STRENGTH

Determining the relationship within the segments, and establish the correlation between the functional and motor areas may be important for programming load both in education and in sports and recreation. For this reason we set goals and work this year. The main objective of this research is to determine association and motor characteristics impact on functional ability (physical work capacity). The sample is defined as a sample of 263 respondents drawn from the population of secondary schools: Gymnasium Zenel Hajdini; Marin Barleti and Mehmet Isai in city of Gjilan. Nine tests were used to estimate motoric capabilities and a test of functional capacity of aerobic-type (physical work capacity). To determine the relation between the predictor (motor) variables and criterion variables (physical working capacity - PWC170) it is prepared the regression analysis of the manifest space. Analyses were made to the program SPSS 12.0 for Windows. The connection of the entire system of variables static relative strength with a score of Physics working capacity (PWC170) on a bicycle ergo meter as aerobic type variable explains the coefficient of multiple correlations, which is RO 0.394. Regression analysis indicates that the better results on a bicycle ergo meter will have respondents who score better in tests of static relative strength of the leg (at the test isometric muscle contraction quadriceps thighs) and static tests of the relative strength of arm and shoulder area (at the test of isometric contraction triceps muscle circumference)

Risk analysis of Apis mellifera colony losses and health assessment in Albania from 2021 to 2023

The research relevance is determined by the decline of bee populations in Albania, as the need to understand the dynamics of colony loss and the factors contributing to it is of paramount importance. The study aimed to comprehensively investigate the prevalence and main causes of colony losses, with special attention to Varroa mite infestation, Nosema disease, viral pathogens, pesticides, and bacterial infections. Using the stratified sampling method, 15,493 beekeepers of different ages and experiences participated in the study. Both electronic and face-to-face surveys were used to collect data on bee family losses, management practices and environmental factors affecting bee health. In addition, monitoring programmes allowed a detailed assessment of bee family health and environmental conditions in the apiary, providing valuable information on temporal trends and patterns. The findings indicate alarming rates of Varroa mite infestation, prevalence of Nosema and a complex interplay of factors contributing to colony loss, particularly during the summer and winter months. For example, Varroa mite infestation was found in 61% of the 29,474 bee samples collected during summer sampling, with rates ranging from 0.5% to 70.2%. Similarly, during autumn sampling, 65% of 43,037 bee samples contained Varroa mites, with an average infestation rate of 5.3%. Moreover, Nosema disease is also a complex problem, with clinical prevalence ranging from 0.1% in autumn to 1.3% in summer and spring. These key figures highlight the urgent need to develop effective strategies to reduce Varroa mite infestation and Nosema disease, thereby maintaining bee populations and ecosystem health. The results of the study make a valuable contribution to bee management and policy development, emphasising the importance of holistic approaches to maintaining bee health and resilience in Albani

CHANGES IN SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTH

Determining of two different youth groups in terms anthropometric variable measured twenty years ago and now is the goal of this research. The testing sample has been defined as a sample taken out of the researched middle school students such from Gymansium ‘Zenel Hajdini’ Middle School of Economy ‘Marin Barleti’ and Middle Technical School ‘Mehmet Isai’ from Gjilan. In this sample 263 female students have been included aged 18 (six months older or younger). Out of the same number of students of male gender aged 18 (six months older or younger) form the same middle schools in the same measuring conditions, an investigation has been done in 1991 by the same author. Twelve anthropometric variables have been used. The T-test has been applied in order to certify weather it does or does not exist difference between the groups’ measures done in 2011 and the group of students in 1991. Considering the arithmetic average results of each variable the results are quite obvious particularly with the first group measured in 2011. The biggest difference has bee noticed with the measures in terms of body length, extremities and measures for assessing body weight

RELATIONS BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN BASKETBALL PLAYER IN BASKETBALL T EAM

The goal of this research based on socio-metric test results, to show the relations between domestic basketball players and visitors basketball players within Trepça basketball Club from Mitrovica. The research has been made based on a sample of Kosovo Superleague in basketball, in fact with the basketball players of Trepça from Mitrovica during 2008/09. Based on this sample 16 basketball players aged 19 to 30 have been included. Relevant data about this research have been collected through a questionnaire (Paranosic and Lazareviq, 1975). Based on the socio-metric results we can come to the conclusion that there is a different socio-metric structure in the team. There are individuals who were different from the others in the team based on positive evaluation (+) so-called “star” in the team, who were the domestic players as well as individuals who were negatively (-) evaluated, so-called “the negative stars”, who represent a weaker relation in the team, and the were the visitors