Coalition-structured governance improves cooperation to provide public goods

While the benefits of common and public goods are shared, they tend to be scarce when contributions are provided voluntarily. Failure to cooperate in the provision or preservation of these goods is fundamental to sustainability challenges, ranging from local fisheries to global climate change. In the real world, such cooperative dilemmas occur in multiple interactions with complex strategic interests and frequently without full information. We argue that voluntary cooperation enabled across overlapping coalitions (akin to polycentricity) not only facilitates a higher generation of non-excludable public goods, but it may also allow evolution toward a more cooperative, stable, and inclusive approach to governance. Contrary to any previous study, we show that these merits of multi-coalition governance are far more general than the singular examples occurring in the literature, and they are robust under diverse conditions of excludability, congestion of the non-excludable public good, and arbitrary shapes of the return-to-contribution function. We first confirm the intuition that a single coalition without enforcement and with players pursuing their self-interest without knowledge of returns to contribution is prone to cooperative failure. Next, we demonstrate that the same pessimistic model but with a multi-coalition structure of governance experiences relatively higher cooperation by enabling recognition of marginal gains of cooperation in the game at stake. In the absence of enforcement, public-goods regimes that evolve through a proliferation of voluntary cooperative forums can maintain and increase cooperation more successfully than singular, inclusive regimes.Supported by US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (D17AC00005), National Science Foundation grant GEO-1211972, and Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) through grants PTDC/MAT/STA/3358/2014, PTDC/EEI-SII/5081/2014, and UID/BIA/04050/2013. P.M.H. was supported by the Walbridge Fund at the Princeton Environmental Institute

Correlated Pollutants, Interregional Redistribution and Labor Attachment in a Federation

Correlated pollutants, Decentralized leadership, Labor attachment, Income redistribution, Proportional equity, C72, D62, D78, H41, H77, Q28,

Políticas de fomento à ciência, tecnologia e inovação em saúde no Brasil e o lugar da pesquisa clínica

The purpose of this article is to highlight a number of underlying issues that may be useful for a comprehensive review of the management of Health-Related Science, Technology and Innovation policies (ST&I/H), and its strategies and priorities. It is an analytical study supported by an extensive review of the technical and journalistic literature, clippings, legislation and federal government directives. The results show that the Healthcare Production Complex undeniably and increasingly needs science to maintain itself. One may infer that a framework of institutional milestones is being built in Brazil, to strengthen, guide and encourage Research and Development, and that clinical research creates scientific knowledge to address public healthcare issues by generating new inputs or enhancing existing techniques, processes and technologies that will be produced, marketed and used in the different segments, thus feeding the Healthcare Productive Complex.Este artigo tem o objetivo de agregar relevo a algumas questões de base que podem ser úteis em um amplo processo de revisão do tema para a gestão das políticas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde (CT&I/S), bem como suas estratégias e prioridades. Trata-se de um ensaio analítico amparado por extensa revisão narrativa de literatura técnica, jornalística, legislação e portarias do governo federal. Como resultados conclui-se que o Complexo Produtivo da Saúde necessita, de modo indeclinável e crescente, da ciência para a sua manutenção. É possível inferir que vem sendo construído, no Brasil, um arcabouço de marcos institucionais que fortalece, orienta e incentiva as atividades de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) no país e que a investigação clínica gera conhecimento científico para a resolução dos agravos da saúde pública, a partir da geração de novos insumos ou incremento de técnicas, processos e tecnologias já existentes, que, por sua vez, serão produzidos, comercializados e empregados nos seus diferentes segmentos, alimentando, assim, todo o processo do Complexo Produtivo da Saúde.Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Med Prevent, Av Dr Arnaldo 455, BR-01246903 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc