Sign-reversal of the in-plane resistivity anisotropy in hole-doped iron pnictides

The in-plane anisotropy of the electrical resistivity across the coupled orthorhombic and magnetic transitions of the iron pnictides has been extensively studied in the parent and electron-doped compounds. All these studies universally show that the resistivity $\rho_{a}$ across the long orthorhombic axis $a_{O}$ - along which the spins couple antiferromagnetically below the magnetic transition temperature - is smaller than the resistivity $\rho_{b}$ of the short orthorhombic axis $b_{O}$, i. e. $\rho_{a}<\rho_{b}$. Here we report that in the hole-doped compounds Ba$_{1-x}$K$_{x}$Fe$_{2}$As$_{2}$, as the doping level increases, the resistivity anisotropy initially becomes vanishingly small, and eventually changes sign for sufficiently large doping, i. e. $\rho_{b}<\rho_{a}$. This observation is in agreement with a recent theoretical prediction that considers the anisotropic scattering of electrons by spin-fluctuations in the orthorhombic/nematic state.Comment: This paper has been replaced by the new version offering new explanation of the experimental results first reported her

First Report of Wenzhou sobemo-like virus 4 in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Latin America

Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) are viruses that replicate exclusively in arthropod cells. Many ISVs have been studied in mosquitoes as many of them act as vectors for human etiological agents, such as arboviruses. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus is an important potential vector of several arboviruses in Brazil, such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). The development of next-generation sequencing metagenomics has enabled the discovery and characterization of new ISVs. Ae. albopictus eggs were collected using oviposition traps placed in two urban parks in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The Aedes albopictus females were divided into pools and the genetic material was extracted and processed for sequencing by metagenomics. Complete genomes of ISV Wenzhou sobemo-like virus 4 (WSLV4) were obtained in three of the four pools tested. This is the first detection of ISV WSLV4 in Ae. albopictus females in Latin America. Further studies on ISVs in Ae. albopictus are needed to better understand the role of this species in the dynamics of arbovirus transmission in the Americas

Analysis of the Influence of Sparkout Time on Grinding Using Several Lubrication/Cooling Methods

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)The plunge cylindrical grinding operation has been widely employed in the manufacturing process of components which require excellent surface quality achieved within small ranges of dimensional tolerance. The sparkout time has proved to be an important parameter in this operation, contributing to obtain surfaces with high geometric and dimensional precision. This parameter, which is defined as the period in which there is no wheel radial feed, allows the elimination of elastic deformations that build up as the grinding wheel is fed. Experimentation with sparkout time was applied in the plunge cylindrical grinding operation and included the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technique, which has proved to be an environmentally correct alternative, combining a small amount of lubricating oil with an intense flow rate of compressed air. The conventional lubrication and cooling method and the method involving the nozzle proposed by Webster [10] were also used. The results showed that longer sparkout times led to a decrease in tangential forces, wheel diametrical wear and surface roughness values for the MQL method.3114751Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)UNESP Sao Paulo State University at BauruFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Predicting ecosystem responses to changes in fisheries catch, temperature, and primary productivity with a dynamic Bayesian network model

The recent adoption of Bayesian networks (BNs) in ecology provides an opportunity to make advances because complex interactions can be recovered from field data and then used to predict the environmental response to changes in climate and biodiversity. In this study, we use a dynamic BN model with a hidden variable and spatial autocorrelation to explore the future of different fish and zooplankton species, given alternate scenarios, and across spatial scales within the North Sea. For most fish species, we were able to predict a trend of increase or decline in response to change in fisheries catch; however, this varied across the different areas, outlining the importance of trophic interactions and the spatial relationship between neighbouring areas. We were able to predict trends in zooplankton biomass in response to temperature change, with the spatial patterns of these effects varying by species. In contrast, there was high variability in terms of response to productivity changes and consequently knock-on effects on higher level trophic species. Finally, we were able to provide a new data-driven modelling approach that accounts for multispecies associations and interactions and their changes over space and time, which might be beneficial to give strategic advice on potential response of the system to pressure.We gratefully acknowledge the Natural Environment Research Council UK that has funded this research, along with support from the European Commission (OCEANCERTAIN, FP7-ENV-2013-6.1-1; no: 603773) for David Maxwell and from CEFAS for Andrew Kenny and David Maxwell

Anisotropic Impurity-States, Quasiparticle Scattering and Nematic Transport in Underdoped Ca(Fe1-xCox)2As2

Iron-based high temperature superconductivity develops when the `parent' antiferromagnetic/orthorhombic phase is suppressed, typically by introduction of dopant atoms. But their impact on atomic-scale electronic structure, while in theory quite complex, is unknown experimentally. What is known is that a strong transport anisotropy with its resistivity maximum along the crystal b-axis, develops with increasing concentration of dopant atoms; this `nematicity' vanishes when the `parent' phase disappears near the maximum superconducting Tc. The interplay between the electronic structure surrounding each dopant atom, quasiparticle scattering therefrom, and the transport nematicity has therefore become a pivotal focus of research into these materials. Here, by directly visualizing the atomic-scale electronic structure, we show that substituting Co for Fe atoms in underdoped Ca(Fe1-xCox)2As2 generates a dense population of identical anisotropic impurity states. Each is ~8 Fe-Fe unit cells in length, and all are distributed randomly but aligned with the antiferromagnetic a-axis. By imaging their surrounding interference patterns, we further demonstrate that these impurity states scatter quasiparticles in a highly anisotropic manner, with the maximum scattering rate concentrated along the b-axis. These data provide direct support for the recent proposals that it is primarily anisotropic scattering by dopant-induced impurity states that generates the transport nematicity; they also yield simple explanations for the enhancement of the nematicity proportional to the dopant density and for the occurrence of the highest resistivity along the b-axis

Understandings of reproductive tract infections in a peri-urban pueblo joven in Lima, Peru

BACKGROUND: Control programs for Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) typically focus on increasing awareness of risks associated with different forms of sexual contact, and pay little attention to how or why people may link RTIs to other features of their physical or social environments. This paper describes how women in a peri-urban pueblo joven located in the coastal desert surrounding Lima, Peru conceptualize the links between RTIs, sexual behaviour, personal hygiene, and the adverse environment in which they live. METHODS: We combined qualitative interviews and a participatory voting exercise to examine social and physical environmental influences on RTIs and gynaecologic symptom interpretation. RESULTS: Knowledge of RTIs in general was limited, although knowledge of AIDS was higher. Perceived causes of RTIs fell into three categories: sexual contact with infected persons, personal hygiene and exposure to the contaminated physical environment, with AIDS clearly related to sexual contact. The adverse environment is thought to be a major contributor to vaginal discharge, "inflamed ovaries" and urinary tract infection. The more remote parts of this periurban squatter settlement, characterized by blowing sand and dust and limited access to clean water, are thought to exhibit higher rates of RTIs as a direct result of the adverse environment found there. Stigma associated with RTIs often keeps women from seeking care or obtaining information about gynaecologic symptoms, and favours explanations that avoid mention of sexual practices. CONCLUSION: The discrepancy between demonstrated disease risk factors and personal explanations influenced by local environmental conditions and RTI-related stigma poses a challenge for prevention programs. Effective interventions need to take local understandings of RTIs into account as they engage in dialogue with communities about prevention and treatment of RTIs

A framework for results-based management in fisheries

We thank the project consortium and remain grateful to the institutions and stakeholders that made this research possible. The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 265401 (the EcoFishMan project). This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the and neither the European Union nor Marine Scotland can be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. We are indebted to Poul Degnbol and two anonymous reviewers for detailed and very constructive feedback and to Melania Borit for contributing to the design of figure 1.Peer reviewedPostprin

How do pharmacists in English general practices identify their impact? An exploratory qualitative study of measurement problems

Background: In England, there is an ongoing national pilot to expand pharmacists’ presence in general practice. Evaluation of the pilot includes numerical and survey-based Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and requires pharmacists to electronically record their activities, possibly by using activity codes. At the time of the study (2016), no national evaluation of pharmacists’ impact in this environment had been formally announced. The aim of this qualitative study was to identify problems that English pharmacists face when measuring and recording their impact in general practice. Methods: All pharmacists, general practitioners (GPs) and practice managers working across two West London pilot sites were invited, via e-mail, to participate in a focus group study. Appropriately trained facilitators conducted two audio-recorded, semi-structured focus groups, each lasting approximately one hour, to explore experiences and perceptions associated with the KPIs. Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and the data analysed thematically. Results: In total, 13 pharmacists, one GP and one practice manager took part in the study. Four major themes were discerned: inappropriateness of the numerical national KPIs (“whether or not we actually have positive impact on KPIs is beyond our control”); depth and breadth of pharmacists’ activity (“we see a huge plethora of different patients and go through this holistic approach - everything is looked at”); awareness of practice based pharmacists’ roles (“I think the really important [thing] is that everyone knows what pharmacists in general practice are doing”); and central evaluation versus local initiatives (“the KPIs will be measured by National Health Service England regardless of what we think” versus “what I think is more pertinent, are there some local things we’re going to measure?”). Conclusions: Measures that will effectively capture pharmacists’ impact in general practice should be developed, along with a set of codes reflecting the whole spectrum of pharmacists’ activities. Our study also points out the significance of a transparent, robust national evaluation, including exploring the needs/expectations of practice staff and patients regarding pharmacists’ presence in general practice