Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET

A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM

Doses reduzidas de herbicidas de pós-emergência para controle de papua em soja Reduced rates of post-emergence herbicides for alexandergrass control in soybean

Em 1992/93 foram conduzidos dois experimentos a campo em Eldorado do Sul, RS, objetivando avaliar os herbicidas haloxyfop e sethoxydim no controle de papuã (Brachiaria plantaginea) em doses mais reduzidas que as usuais. Haloxyfop foi testado nas doses de 120, 90, 60, 30 e 30 + 30 g/ha. Sethoxydim foi avaliado nas doses de 184, 138, 92, 46 e 46 + 46 g/ha. Os herbicidas foram aspergidos 7 e 14 dias após semeadura da soja nos experimentos 1 e 2 quando as plantas de papuã encontravam-se com 1 a 2 folhas e com 3 a 4 folhas, respectivamente. As doses plenas foram aspergidas 2 semanas mais tarde que as doses reduzidas. Foi possível obter nível aceitável de controle de papuã em alguns tratamentos, em função do produto, da época e do método de aplicação. Aplicações seqüenciais de doses reduzidas de haloxyfop (30 + 30 g/ha) alcançaram controle de 72 e 95%, médias dos experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente. No experimento 1, níveis de produtivídade de soja equivalentes ao do tratamento capinado só foram obtidos com doses plenas de haloxyfop e sethoxydim. No experimento 2, produtividades equivalentes à do capinado foram alcançadas nas doses plenas dos dois herbicidas e ainda com haloxyfop a 90 g/ha e a 30 + 30 g/ha. A pesquisa evidencia a necessidade do papuã ser totalmente eliminado para ser atingido rendimento máximo de soja.<br>Two trials were conducted under field conditions during the 1992/93 growing season in Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil, in order to evaluate haloxyfop and sethoxydim herbicides for Alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea) control using rates lower than the usual. Haloxyfop rates tested were 120, 90, 60, 30, and 30 + 30 g/ha. Sethoxydim was evaluated under rates of 184, 138, 92, 46, and 46 + 46 g/ha. Herbicides were sprayed 7 and 14 days after soybean seeding date for experiments 1 and 2, when Alexandergrass plants presented 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 leaves, respectively. Herbicide full rates were applied 2 weeks after the reduced ones. It was possible to attain acceptable level of Alexandergrass control only with a few treatments, these being a function of the compound used, and also of time and method of application. Sequencial applications of reduced rates of haloxyfop (30 + 30 g/ha) achieved control levels of 72 and 95%, as averages for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. For experiment 1, soybean yield levels equivalent to hand hoeing were attained only by the full rates of haloxyfop and sethoxydim. In experiment 2, yields equivalent to the hoeing treatment were achíeved by full rates of both products and also by haloxyfop at 90 g/ha and sequencial applications of 30 + 30 g/ha. The research also attest the necessity of complete elimination of Alexandergrass infestation in order to get maximum soybean yield

Peptide Foldamers: from Spectroscopic Studies to Applications.

Peptide foldamers are synthetic oligopeptides which attain a few, specific, constrained conformations in solution. Here, we review our contributions to the study of the structural features of several foldamers, comprising C\u3b1-tetrasubstituted aminoacids, by spectroscopic techniques and, in particular, by a combined approach employing time-resolved energy transfer (FRET) experiments and molecular modeling to determine interprobe distances and orientations. Our data show that, for rigid systems, the commonly used assumption of random orientation of donor and acceptor is unjustified, and that in these cases a correct evaluation of the orientation factor is mandatory for meaningful structural determinations. Finally, we illustrate some applications of peptide foldamers in studies on the kinetics of protein folding and on the realization of peptide-based molecular devices.

Impact of nitrogen seeding on confinement and power load control of a high-triangularity JET ELMy H-mode plasma with a metal wall

This paper reports the impact on confinement and power load of the high-shape 2.5MA ELMy H-mode scenario at JET of a change from an all carbon plasma facing components to an all metal wall. In preparation to this change, systematic studies of power load reduction and impact on confinement as a result of fuelling in combination with nitrogen seeding were carried out in JET-C and are compared to their counterpart in JET with a metallic wall. An unexpected and significant change is reported on the decrease of the pedestal confinement but is partially recovered with the injection of nitrogen.Comment: 30 pages, 16 figure