Eficacia de las microcuencas en la supervivencia del pino carrasco (Pinus halepensis Mill.) y de la encina (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) en distintos ambientes mediterráneos

Water is one of the most limiting factors in the forestation of Mediterranean areas, so that the survival and development of these areas is always connected to the availability of water resources. The aim of this study is to assess the efficiency of a series of hydraulic structures linked to land preparation, called minicatchments, as runoff collectors meant to increase water availability in the forestation. In order to do so, the amount of overland runoff reaching every seedling, as well as the survival of the reforestation in four places with different climatic and edaphic characteristics have been assessed. Results obtained show how water availability depends both on the amount of water reaching the bank and on the physical properties of the land. The areas that have normally been considered more difficult to restore due to a de-structured profile, to the presence of superficial physical crusts and to a scarce vegetal cover are the ones showing a better response to the technique of runoff collection trough minicatchments.Uno de los factores más limitantes para las repoblaciones de las zonas mediterráneas es el agua, de forma que la supervivencia y desarrollo de éstas siempre aparece ligado a la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos. En este trabajo se valora la eficacia de unas estructuras hidráulicas asociadas a la preparación del terreno, las microcuencas, que actúan como captadoras de escorrentías para aumentar la disponibilidad de agua en la repoblación. Para ello se ha medido la cantidad de agua que llega a las banquetas de plantación construidas con y sin microcuencas cuantificando la precipitación + escorrentía superficial aportada por el área de impluvio de cada banqueta y la supervivencia de una repoblación de encinas y pinos en cuatro localidades con características climáticas y edáficas diferentes. Los resultados obtenidos muestran como la disponibilidad de agua depende tanto de la cantidad de agua que llega a la banqueta cómo de las propiedades físicas del suelo, siendo las zonas que normalmente se han considerado más difíciles de restaurar por su perfil desestructurado, la presencia de costras físicas superficiales y la escasa cubierta vegetal, las que responden mejor a la técnica de captación de escorrentías mediante microcuencas

Control quimico-biológico de la mancha de la hoja del trigo en el campo

Se evaluó el efecto biocontrolador de dos cepas de Trichoderma harzianum solas y en combinación con fungicidas, sobre la severidad de la mancha de la hoja del trigo, con diferentes técnicas de aplicación en tres estadios fenológicos (plántula, macollaje, espigazón). Plantas de la variedad Buck 55CL2 se sometieron a diferentes tratamientos: testigo inoculado con el patógeno, plantas provenientes de semillas peleteadas con las cepas de T. harzianum e inoculadas, plantas provenientes de semilla peleteada y pulverizadas en hoja con T. harzianum más inoculación o con aplicación combinada de solución de T. harzianum y fungicida aéreo 7 días antes de la inoculación con el patógeno. Se evaluó el control de la enfermedad a través de la disminución de la severidad. En los estados GS 12 (plántula) y GS 31 (macollaje), sólo se evaluó desarrollo de tejido necrosado por la baja incidencia de picnidios. En GS 54 (espigazón), sólo se evaluó porcentaje de cobertura picnidial por valores de necrosis muy altos en todos los tratamientos. Con sólo el peleteado de la semilla se alcanzó protección hasta el último estadio (p≥0.05). Valores más bajos de severidad se obtuvieron cuando las semillas fueron peleteadas y la plántula recibió además, media dosis de fungicida Amistar-xtra (p≥0.05). Para proteger el medio ambiente, se recomienda el uso de la cepa Th5cc que con 3 aplicaciónes (peleteado en semilla y dos aplicaciones aéreas en GS 31 y GS 54) disminuye la severidad hasta espigazón (p≥0.05)

Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast

[EN] As the proper maintenance of intracellular potassium and sodium concentrations is vital for cell growth, all living organisms have developed a cohort of strategies to maintain proper monovalent cation homeostasis. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, potassium is accumulated to relatively high concentrations and is required for many aspects of cellular function, whereas high intracellular sodium/potassium ratios are detrimental to cell growth and survival. The fact that S. cerevisiae cells can grow in the presence of a broad range of concentrations of external potassium (10 M–2.5 M) and sodium (up to 1.5 M) indicates the existence of robust mechanisms that have evolved to maintain intracellular concentrations of these cations within appropriate limits. In this review, current knowledge regarding potassium and sodium transporters and their regulation will be summarized. 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Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

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Combined treatments to reduce Septoria tritici in wheat and their impact on crop yield and its components

Field experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of Trichoderma harzianum as natural biofungicide of Septoria tritici in wheat. The effect of two biocontrol strains of T. harzianum alone or in combination with a fungicide were evaluated on the severity of leaf blotch of wheat (LBW) with different application techniques at three growth stages (seedling, tillering, heading).the impact of these treatments on spikes number/ m 2, grains per spike, thousand kernel weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha -1 ) were studied. Plants of Buck 55CL2 variety received different treatments: control plants inoculaed with S. tritici; plants from coated seeds with the strains (Th5cc, Th118) of T. harzianum and inoculated with the pathogen; plants from coated seeds and spray application on leaves of conidial suspension of T. harzianum alone or in combination with an aerial fungicide (Amistar Xtra) sprayed 7 days before the inoculation with the pathogen. With respect to severity, at seedling and tillering, only necrotic tissue development was assessed by the low incidence of pycnidia. At heading, only the pycnidial coverage percentage was assessed because of high incidences of necrosis in all treatments. With only coated seed treatment the reduction in the pycndial coverage percentage was maintained until heading stage (p 0.05). Lower values of necrosis were obtained when seeds were coated with the antagonist and seedlings were also sprayed with half-doses of fungicide (p 0.05).When applying the single antagonist the use of the strain Th5cc is recommended with 3 applications( coated seed and two spray applications at tillering and heading) that decreas the pycnidial coverage until heading (p 0.05). The analysis of the yield components showed that spikes /m 2 and thousand kernel weights were altered by the combined treatment (p 0.05