155 research outputs found
Mechanical weed control strategies for grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.)
Received: January 25th, 2022 ; Accepted: April 5th, 2022 ; Published: April 19th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected], no herbicide is registered for grain amaranth in Europe, the United States
and South America. Hence, weed control must be addressed with alternative methods. Field trials
were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Central Italy by comparing some mechanical weed control
treatments in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.). In 2018, the five treatments were:
untreated control (T118), cutter hoeing (T218), flat share cuts and one central duck foot tine (T318),
flat share cuts and two central duck foot tines (T418), and three duck foot tines (T518). In 2019,
the five treatments were: untreated control (T119), three duck foot tines (T219), flex tine harrowing
(T319), flex tine harrowing plus finger weeding with red fingers (T419), and finger weeding with
red fingers (T520). In 2018, amaranth was a successful competitor against weeds from 40 days
after emergence (10 true leaf stage, corresponding to BBCH code 15). The competitive ability
was showed by excellent seed yields averaging 1.2 t ha-1
, for all treatments. This feature was also
confirmed to some degree in 2019. However, seed yield in 2019 was more strongly influenced
by treatment as well as by the lower emergence of plants. All the mechanical methods employed
can be effectively used for weed control in grain amaranth. Treatments with the flex tine harrower
and finger weeder negatively affected the plant density at harvest, necessitating further
optimization. However, combined mechanical strategies proved the most effective, especially in
controlling dicot weeds. There is a need to optimize strategies, with mechanical equipment, to
anticipate and improve the ground cover of amaranth. These strategies include selecting optimal
plant density and the correct distancing between the rows for easier mechanical control
Nanoparticles-cell association predicted by protein corona fingerprints
In a physiological environment (e.g., blood and interstitial fluids) nanoparticles (NPs) will bind proteins shaping a "protein corona" layer. The long-lived protein layer tightly bound to the NP surface is referred to as the hard corona (HC) and encodes information that controls NP bioactivity (e.g. cellular association, cellular signaling pathways, biodistribution, and toxicity). Decrypting this complex code has become a priority to predict the NP biological outcomes. Here, we use a library of 16 lipid NPs of varying size (Ă â 100-250 nm) and surface chemistry (unmodified and PEGylated) to investigate the relationships between NP physicochemical properties (nanoparticle size, aggregation state and surface charge), protein corona fingerprints (PCFs), and NP-cell association. We found out that none of the NPs' physicochemical properties alone was exclusively able to account for association with human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). For the entire library of NPs, a total of 436 distinct serum proteins were detected. We developed a predictive-validation modeling that provides a means of assessing the relative significance of the identified corona proteins. Interestingly, a minor fraction of the HC, which consists of only 8 PCFs were identified as main promoters of NP association with HeLa cells. Remarkably, identified PCFs have several receptors with high level of expression on the plasma membrane of HeLa cells
Nanoparticles-cell association predicted by protein corona fingerprints
In a physiological environment (e.g., blood and interstitial fluids) nanoparticles (NPs) will bind proteins shaping a "protein corona" layer. The long-lived protein layer tightly bound to the NP surface is referred to as the hard corona (HC) and encodes information that controls NP bioactivity (e.g. cellular association, cellular signaling pathways, biodistribution, and toxicity). Decrypting this complex code has become a priority to predict the NP biological outcomes. Here, we use a library of 16 lipid NPs of varying size (Ă â 100-250 nm) and surface chemistry (unmodified and PEGylated) to investigate the relationships between NP physicochemical properties (nanoparticle size, aggregation state and surface charge), protein corona fingerprints (PCFs), and NP-cell association. We found out that none of the NPs' physicochemical properties alone was exclusively able to account for association with human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). For the entire library of NPs, a total of 436 distinct serum proteins were detected. We developed a predictive-validation modeling that provides a means of assessing the relative significance of the identified corona proteins. Interestingly, a minor fraction of the HC, which consists of only 8 PCFs were identified as main promoters of NP association with HeLa cells. Remarkably, identified PCFs have several receptors with high level of expression on the plasma membrane of HeLa cells
Spectrally resolved observations of atmospheric emitted radiance in the H2O rotation band
This paper presents the project Earth Cooling by Water
Vapor Radiation, an observational programme, which aims at
developing a database of spectrally resolved far infrared
observations, in atmospheric dry conditions, in order to
validate radiative transfer models and test the quality of water
vapor continuum and line parameters. The project provides
the very first set of far-infrared spectral downwelling
radiance measurements, in dry atmospheric conditions,
which are complemented with Raman Lidar-derived
temperature and water vapor profiles
Polystyrene perturbs the structure, dynamics, and mechanical properties of DPPC membranes: An experimental and computational study
Synthetic plastic oligomers can interact with the cells of living organisms by different ways. They can be intentionally administered to the human body as part of nanosized biomedical devices. They can be inhaled by exposed workers, during the production of multicomponent, polymer-based nanocomposites. They can leak out of food packaging. Most importantly, they can result from the degradation of plastic waste, and enter the food chain. A physicochemical characterization of the effects of synthetic polymers on the structure and dynamics of cell components is still lacking. Here, we combine a wide spectrum of experimental techniques (calorimetry, x-ray, and neutron scattering) with atomistic Molecular Dynamics simulations to study the interactions between short chains of polystyrene (25 monomers) and model lipid membranes (DPPC, in both gel and fluid phase). We find that doping doses of polystyrene oligomers alter the thermal properties of DPPC, stabilizing the fluid lipid phase. They perturb the membrane structure and dynamics, in a concentration-dependent fashion. Eventually, they modify the mechanical properties of DPPC, reducing its bending modulus in the fluid phase. Our results call for a systematic, interdisciplinary assessment of the mechanisms of interaction of synthetic, everyday use polymers with cell membranes
Malformaciones en anfibios de agroecosistemas de CĂłrdoba
El propĂłsito de este estudio es dar a conocer casos de anormalidades morfolĂłgicas de anuros del sur de CĂłrdoba, un ĂĄrea dominada por paisajes agrĂcolas.Fil: Palchetti, M. V. Universidad Nacional de CĂłrdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, FĂsicas y Naturales. Escuela de BiologĂa. Departamento de Diversidad BiolĂłgica y EcologĂa; Argentina.Fil: RĂos, N. E. Universidad Nacional de CĂłrdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, FĂsicas y Naturales. Escuela de BiologĂa. Departamento de Diversidad BiolĂłgica y EcologĂa; Argentina.Fil: Lorca, A. Universidad Nacional de CĂłrdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, FĂsicas y Naturales. Escuela de BiologĂa. Departamento de Diversidad BiolĂłgica y EcologĂa; Argentina.Fil: Cavigliasso, P. Universidad Nacional de CĂłrdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, FĂsicas y Naturales. Escuela de BiologĂa. Departamento de Diversidad BiolĂłgica y EcologĂa; Argentina.Fil: Carezzano, F. J. Universidad Nacional de CĂłrdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, FĂsicas y Naturales. Escuela de BiologĂa. Departamento de Diversidad BiolĂłgica y EcologĂa; Argentina.ZoologĂa, OrnitologĂa, EntomologĂa, EtologĂ
Can downwelling far-infrared radiances over Antarctica be estimated from mid-infrared information?
Far-infrared (FIR: 100cmâ1<wavenumber, Îœ<667âcmâ1) radiation emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere plays a key role in the Earth's energy budget. However, because of a lack of spectrally resolved measurements, radiation schemes in climate models suffer from a lack of constraint across this spectral range. Exploiting a method developed to estimate upwelling far-infrared radiation from mid-infrared (MIR: 667cmâ1<Îœ<1400âcmâ1) observations, we explore the possibility of inferring zenith FIR downwelling radiances in zenith-looking observation geometry, focusing on clear-sky conditions in Antarctica. The methodology selects a MIR predictor wavenumber for each FIR wavenumber based on the maximum correlation seen between the different spectral ranges. Observations from the REFIR-PAD instrument (Radiation Explorer in the Far Infrared â Prototype for Application and Development) and high-resolution radiance simulations generated from co-located radio soundings are used to develop and assess the method. We highlight the impact of noise on the correlation between MIR and FIR radiances by comparing the observational and theoretical cases. Using the observed values in isolation, between 150 and 360âcmâ1, differences between the âtrueâ and âextendedâ radiances are less than 5â%. However, in spectral bands of low signal, between 360 and 667âcmâ1, the impact of instrument noise is strong and increases the differences seen. When the extension of the observed spectra is performed using regression coefficients based on noise-free radiative transfer simulations the results show strong biases, exceeding 100â% where the signal is low. These biases are reduced to just a few percent if the noise in the observations is accounted for in the simulation procedure. Our results imply that while it is feasible to use this type of approach to extend mid-infrared spectral measurements to the far-infrared, the quality of the extension will be strongly dependent on the noise characteristics of the observations. A good knowledge of the atmospheric state associated with the measurements is also required in order to build a representative regression model
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