TRANSPARENCIA Y RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS EN SALUD MATERNA: EL CASO DEL AFASPE EN CHIAPAS

La Secretaría de Salud (SSA), a través de la Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (SPPS), realiza transferencias monetarias y de insumos a las entidades federativas a través del Acuerdo para el Fortalecimiento de las Acciones de Salud Pública en los Estados ( AFASPE ). En este artículo se describe y analiza el desempeño del AFASPE 2012 en el Programa de Acción Específico Arranque Parejo en la Vida en Chiapas, a la luz del proceso de descentralización. La discusión se centra en el análisis de la planificación, entrega y ejercicio de los recursos, modificaciones del presupuesto, transparencia y rendición de cuentas, que involucran tanto a la SSA como los Servicios Estatales de salud (SESA) y a la Secretaría de Hacienda estatal.   TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN MATERNAL CARE:  THE CASE OF AFASPE IN CHIAPAS The Mexican Health Department (Secretaría de Salud /SSA) through the Health Prevention and Promotion Sub-Department (Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud /SPPS) conducts monetary and input transfers to the states through the Agreement for the Strengthening of Public Health Actions in the States (Acuerdo para el Fortalecimiento de las Acciones de Salud Pública en los Estados /AFASPE). This article describes and analyzes AFASPE’s performance in 2012 in the Equal Start in Life Specific Action Program (Programa de Acción Específico Arranque Parejo en la Vida) in Chiapas in the light of the decentralization process. The discussion is focused on the planning analysis, resource delivery and execution, budget modifications, transparency and accountability involving both the SSA and the State Heath Services (Servicios Estatales de Salud /SESA), as well as the Department of Finances of Chiapas State

The complete linkage disequilibrium test: a test that points to causative mutations underlying quantitative traits

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Genetically, SNP that are in complete linkage disequilibrium with the causative SNP cannot be distinguished from the causative SNP. The Complete Linkage Disequilibrium (CLD) test presented here tests whether a SNP is in complete LD with the causative mutation or not. The performance of the CLD test is evaluated in 1000 simulated datasets.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The CLD test consists of two steps i.e. analysis I and analysis II. Analysis I consists of an association analysis of the investigated region. The log-likelihood values from analysis I are next ranked in descending order and in analysis II the CLD test evaluates differences in log-likelihood ratios between the best and second best markers. Under the null-hypothesis distribution, the best SNP is in greater LD with the QTL than the second best, while under the alternative-CLD-hypothesis, the best SNP is alike-in-state with the QTL. To find a significance threshold, the test was also performed on data excluding the causative SNP. The 5^th, 10^thand 50^thhighest T_CLDvalue from 1000 replicated analyses were used to control the type-I-error rate of the test at p = 0.005, p = 0.01 and p = 0.05, respectively.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In a situation where the QTL explained 48% of the phenotypic variance analysis I detected a QTL in 994 replicates (p = 0.001), where 972 were positioned in the correct QTL position. When the causative SNP was excluded from the analysis, 714 replicates detected evidence of a QTL (p = 0.001). In analysis II, the CLD test confirmed 280 causative SNP from 1000 simulations (p = 0.05), i.e. power was 28%. When the effect of the QTL was reduced by doubling the error variance, the power of the test reduced relatively little to 23%. When sequence data were used, the power of the test reduced to 16%. All SNP that were confirmed by the CLD test were positioned in the correct QTL position.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The CLD test can provide evidence for a causative SNP, but its power may be low in situations with closely linked markers. In such situations, also functional evidence will be needed to definitely conclude whether the SNP is causative or not.</p

Whole-genome sequencing reveals insights into the adaptation of French Charolais cattle to Cuban tropical conditions

Background: In the early 20th century, Cuban farmers imported Charolais cattle (CHFR) directly from France. These animals are now known as Chacuba (CHCU) and have become adapted to the rough environmental tropical condi‑ tions in Cuba. These conditions include long periods of drought and food shortage with extreme temperatures that European taurine cattle have difculty coping with. Results: In this study, we used whole-genome sequence data from 12 CHCU individuals together with 60 wholegenome sequences from six additional taurine, indicus and crossed breeds to estimate the genetic diversity, structure and accurate ancestral origin of the CHCU animals. Although CHCU animals are assumed to form a closed population, the results of our admixture analysis indicate a limited introgression of Bos indicus. We used the extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH) approach to identify regions in the genome that may have had an important role in the adapta‑ tion of CHCU to tropical conditions. Putative selection events occurred in genomic regions with a high proportion of Bos indicus, but they were not sufcient to explain adaptation of CHCU to tropical conditions by Bos indicus introgres‑ sion only. EHH suggested signals of potential adaptation in genomic windows that include genes of taurine origin involved in thermogenesis (ATP9A, GABBR1, PGR, PTPN1 and UCP1) and hair development (CCHCR1 and CDSN). Within these genes, we identifed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may have a functional impact and contribute to some of the observed phenotypic diferences between CHCU and CHFR animals. Conclusions: Whole-genome data confrm that CHCU cattle are closely related to Charolais from France (CHFR) and Canada, but also reveal a limited introgression of Bos indicus genes in CHCU. We observed possible signals of recent adaptation to tropical conditions between CHCU and CHFR founder populations, which were largely independent of the Bos indicus introgression. Finally, we report candidate genes and variants that may have a functional impact and explain some of the phenotypic diferences observed between CHCU and CHFR cattle.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Frequency behavior of Raman coupling coefficient in glasses

Low-frequency Raman coupling coefficient of 11 different glasses is evaluated. It is found that the coupling coefficient demonstrates a universal linear frequency behavior near the boson peak maximum and a superlinear behavior at very low frequencies. The last observation suggests vanishing of the coupling coefficient when frequency tends to zero. The results are discussed in terms of the vibration wavefunction that combines features of localized and extended modes.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure

Worldwide genetic relationships of pigs as inferred from X chromosome SNPs

The phylogeography of the porcine X chromosome has not been studied despite the unique characteristics of this chromosome. Here, we genotyped 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 312 pigs from around the world, representing 39 domestic breeds and wild boars in 30 countries. Overall, widespread commercial breeds showed the highest heterozygosity values, followed by African and American populations. Structuring, as inferred from FST and analysis of molecular variance, was consistently larger in the non-pseudoautosomal (NPAR) than in the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR). Our results show that genetic relationships between populations can vary widely between the NPAR and the PAR, underscoring the fact that their genetic trajectories can be quite different. NPAR showed an increased commercial-like genetic component relative to the PAR, probably because human selection processes to obtain individuals with high productive parameters were mediated by introgressing boars rather than sows.WBP is funded by COLCIENCIAS (Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Francisco José de Caldas fellowship 497/2009, Colombia). CAS was funded by a PhD grant from CAPES (Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil) and Universidade Catolica de Brasilia, Brazil. This work is funded by grants AGL2010-14822 (MICINN, Spain) to MPE, CGL2009-09346 (MICINN, Spain) to SERO, and Consolider project (MICINN, Spain) to Centre of Research in Agricultural Genomics.Peer reviewe

Porcine colonization of the Americas: a 60k SNP story.

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Mesoporous bioactive glass/ɛ-polycaprolactone scaffolds promote bone regeneration in osteoporotic sheep

Macroporous scaffolds made of a SiO2-CaO-P2O5 mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) and ɛpolycaprolactone (PCL) have been prepared by robocasting. These scaffolds showed an excellent in vitro biocompatibility in contact with osteoblast like cells (Saos 2) and osteoclasts derived from RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vivo studies were carried out by implantation into cavitary defects drilled in osteoporotic sheep. The scaffolds evidenced excellent bone regeneration properties, promoting new bone formation at both the peripheral and the inner parts of the scaffolds, thick trabeculae, high vascularization and high presence of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In order to evaluate the effects of the local release of an antiosteoporotic drug, 1% (%wt) of zoledronic acid was incorporated to the scaffolds. The scaffolds loaded with zoledronic acid induced apoptosis in Saos 2 cells, impeded osteoclast differentiation in a time dependent manner and inhibited bone healing, promoting an intense inflammatory response in osteoporotic sheep

Improved Heterosis Prediction by Combining Information on DNA- and Metabolic Markers

Background: Hybrids represent a cornerstone in the success story of breeding programs. The fundamental principle underlying this success is the phenomenon of hybrid vigour, or heterosis. It describes an advantage of the offspring as compared to the two parental lines with respect to parameters such as growth and resistance against abiotic or biotic stress. Dominance, overdominance or epistasis based models are commonly used explanations. Conclusion/Significance: The heterosis level is clearly a function of the combination of the parents used for offspring production. This results in a major challenge for plant breeders, as usually several thousand combinations of parents have to be tested for identifying the best combinations. Thus, any approach to reliably predict heterosis levels based on properties of the parental lines would be highly beneficial for plant breeding. Methodology/Principal Findings: Recently, genetic data have been used to predict heterosis. Here we show that a combination of parental genetic and metabolic markers, identified via feature selection and minimum-description-length based regression methods, significantly improves the prediction of biomass heterosis in resulting offspring. These findings will help furthering our understanding of the molecular basis of heterosis, revealing, for instance, the presence of nonlinear genotype-phenotype relationships. In addition, we describe a possible approach for accelerated selection in plant breeding

Silicon substituted hydroxyapatite/VEGF scaffolds stimulate bone regeneration in osteoporotic sheep.

Silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite (SiHA) macroporous scaffolds have been prepared by robocasting. In order to optimize their bone regeneration properties, we have manufactured these scaffolds presenting different microstructures: nanocrystalline and crystalline. Moreover, their surfaces have been decorated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to evaluate the potential coupling between vascularization and bone regeneration. In vitro cell culture tests evidence that nanocrystalline SiHA hinders pre-osteblast proliferation, whereas the presence of VEGF enhances the biological functions of both endothelial cells and pre-osteoblasts. The bone regeneration capability has been evaluated using an osteoporotic sheep model. In vivo observations strongly correlate with in vitro cell culture tests. Those scaffolds made of nanocrystalline SiHA were colonized by fibrous tissue, promoted inflammatory response and forested osteoclast recruitment. These observations discard nanocystalline SiHA as a suitable material for bone regeneration purposes. On the contrary, those scaffolds made of crystalline SiHA and decorated with VEGF exhibited bone regeneration properties, with high ossification degree, thicker trabeculae and higher presence of osteoblasts and blood vessels. Considering these results, macroporous scaffolds made of SiHA and decorated with VEGF are suitable bone grafts for regeneration purposes, even in adverse pathological scenarios such as osteoporosis