Construcción de la ciudad moderna a través de la fotografía de Luis Lladó

La obra de Luis Lladó es un destacado ejemplo de visión fotográfica directa y moderna. Una obra de carácter claramente instrumental y descriptiva pero directamente relacionada con la gran fotografía constructivista soviética, la fotografía de vanguardia europea o con los planteamientos de la fotografía directa americana. Entre los años 1923 a 1936 la Gran Vía de Madrid fue el eje vertebrador de una metamorfosis urbanística que pretendía construir un modelo de sociedad optimista basada en el consumo y el ocio que cohabitaba con una mentalidad castiza y conservadora. Luis Lladó será testigo directo de estas tensiones contribuyendo a través de su mirada a la construcción del mito moderno madrileño. El análisis pormenorizado de la obra de Lladó nos descubre además la creciente importancia de la arquitectura de interiores y el diseño presentes en tiendas, cines y restaurante de la época. Espacios que destacan por la extraordinaria modernidad de las propuestas, que nada tiene que envidiar a las planteadas, en la misma época, por escuelas arquitectónicas centroeuropeas. A través de la Obra de Luis Lladó realizaremos un análisis de la imagen de la ciudad durante uno de los periodos más apasionantes de la historia de Madrid.Luis Lladó’s work is an outstanding example of direct and modern photographic vision. His artistic work descriptives and instrumentaly relates to the great Russian Constructivism photography, the European avant-garde photography or with the American straight photography movement. Between 1923-1936 Madrid´s Gran Via underwent the most important urban metamorphosis in the city. Madrid was intended to be a new modern society based on private consumption and leisure, but living together with a very conservative and “castiza” Spanish mentality. Luis Lladó was a direct witness of these tensions and changes, with his photographer’s eye he contributed to the construction of Madrid’s modern myth. A detailed analysis of Llado’s work discovers for us the increasing importance of design and interior architecture in shops, restaurants and cinemas in these times. Luis Lladó’s photography enables a detailed analysis of one of the most interesting times in the Madrid´s recent history

Propuesta de adaptación del sistema de producción de serie a régimen a la fase de escalada de producción de un nuevo modelo en el sector de automoción

La industrialización de la producción de un nuevo modelo en el sector de la automoción es un proceso que conlleva grandes inversiones en medios productivos, los cuales deben de estar preparados para producir en el momento del inicio de la fabricación en serie del mencionado nuevo modelo (SOP Start of production). A partir de este momento el alcanzar la producción de régimen según la curva planificada (curva de escalada) es el objetivo principal de toda la organización. A lo largo de la historia se repiten lanzamientos que no consiguen alcanzar los objetivos de volumen de producción, plazos de entrega, calidad del producto y en definitiva los costes planificados. Este suceso ha sido ampliamente estudiado, pero es en los últimos 10 años cuando más interés ha suscitado impulsado por la reducción de los ciclos de vida de los productos y en consecuencia el creciente aumento de los lanzamientos de nuevos modelos. A través de metodologías cuantitativas y cualitativas, esta tesis contribuye a paliar este problema presentando dos propuestas complementarias. La primera de ellas ha resultado de la aplicación de la metodología “Action Research” realizada en una importante empresa fabricante de automóviles de la que se concluyó la necesidad de la creación y organización de equipos de mejora específicos para el lanzamiento. Al comparar las condiciones de contorno de la fábrica durante las fases de escalada y serie se aprecian diferencias importantes tanto en material en flujo (WIP) como en la frecuencia y gravedad de los problemas aparecidos diariamente de tal forma que finalmente esta tesis reconoce a la época de escalada como un estadio diferenciado del ciclo de vida del modelo debiendo ser aplicado un sistema de producción (PS) diferenciado al habitual de la producción en serie. El hecho de que el estudio “Action Research” ha sido realizado en una única fábrica de un solo modelo, limita los resultados a esa tipología de fábrica, no por ello dejando de ser interesantes. La segunda propuesta está relacionada con la posibilidad de definir unos almacenes intermedios óptimos para la época de la escalada diferentes a los establecidos para la producción a régimen. En este segundo caso la metodología elegida ha sido la simulación discreta. A pesar de las limitaciones del estudio, los resultados presentados serán de gran interés tanto para profesionales del sector de la automoción y de otros sectores que tengan que incrementar los lanzamientos de nuevos productos, así como para académicos. Desde el punto de vista académico la tesis trata el problema de lanzamientos de nuevos modelos analizando de una forma global la aplicación del sistema de producción como posible causa de la aparición de los problemas durante esta fase. Desde el punto de vista práctico, el contenido de esta tesis puede ayudar a entender algunos de los factores que explican por qué los objetivos de calidad y producción no son obtenidos durante esta fase. En resumen, esta tesis presenta un enfoque innovador para entender y manejar la problemática de los lanzamientos de los nuevos modelos bajo el prisma de la aplicación del sistema de producción (PS). Dado que los resultados de la tesis están contrastados en una fábrica de un solo modelo queda abierta la investigación futura en el caso de fábricas de más de un modelo.The industrialization of the production of a new model in the automotive sector is a process that entails large investments in production means, which must be prepared to produce at the time of the start of serial production of the aforementioned new model (SOP Start of production). From this moment on, reaching the summit-production according to the planned curve (ramp-up curve) is the main objective of the entire organization. Throughout history, launches have been repeated that fail to achieve the objectives of production volume, delivery times, product quality and, ultimately, planned costs. This event has been widely studied, but it is in the last 10 years when it has aroused the most interest, driven by the reduction of the life cycles of the products and consequently the increasing in the launches of new models. Through quantitative and qualitative methodologies, this thesis contributes to alleviating this problem by presenting two complementary proposals. The first of these has resulted from the application of the “Action Research” methodology carried out in a major automobile manufacturer company, which concluded the need for the creation and organization of specific improvement teams for the launch. When comparing the contour conditions of the factory during the ramp-up and series phases, important differences are appreciated. Both in material in flow (WIP) and in the frequency and severity of the problems that appear daily in such a way that finally this thesis recognizes the ramp-up phase as a differentiated stage of the life cycle of the model. A production system (PS) differentiated from the usual one of series production must be applied. The fact that the “Action Research” study has been carried out in a single factory with a single model, limits the results to that type of factory, but is nonetheless uninteresting. The second proposal is related to the possibility of defining optimal intermediate buffers for the ramp-up phase, different from those established for regime production. In this second case, the methodology chosen has been the discrete simulation. Despite the limitations of the study, the results presented will be of great interest both to professionals in the automotive sector and from other sectors who have to increase the launches of new products, as well as for academics. From an academic point of view, the thesis deals with the problem of launching new models, analyzing in a global way the application of the production system as a possible cause of the appearance of problems during this phase. From a practical point of view, the content of this thesis can help to understand some of the factors that explain why the quality and production objectives are not obtained during this phase. In summary, this thesis presents an innovative approach to understand and handle the problem of new model launches from the point of view of the application of the production system (PS). Given that the results of the thesis are contrasted in a factory with a single model, future research is open in the case of factories with more than one model

Proposing new variables for the identification of strategic groups in franchising

The identification of strategic groups in the Spanish franchising area is the main aim of this study. The authors have added some new strategic variables (not used before) to the study and have classified franchisors between sectors and distribution strategy. The results reveal the existence of four perfectly differentiated strategic groups (types of franchisors). One of the major implications of this study is that the variables that build a strategic group vary depending on the respective sector the network operates in and its distribution strategy. This fact indicates that including sector and distribution strategy is absolutely necessary to achieve good classifications of franchisor type

Effects of transcranial static magnetic field stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on random number generation

OBJECTIVE: Focal application of transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a neuromodulation technique, with predominantly inhibitory effects when applied to the motor, somatosensory or visual cortex. Whether this approach can also transiently interact with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function remains unclear. The suppression of habitual or competitive responses is one of the core executive functions linked to DLPFC function. This study aimed to assess the impact of tSMS on the prefrontal contributions to inhibitory control and response selection by means of a RNG task. METHODS: We applied 20 min of tSMS over the left DLPFC of healthy subjects, using a real/sham cross-over design, during performance of a RNG task. We used an index of randomness calculated with the measures of entropy and correlation to assess the impact of stimulation on DLPFC function. RESULTS: The randomness index of the sequences generated during the tSMS intervention was significantly higher compared to those produced in the sham condition. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that application of tSMS transiently modulates specific functional brain networks in DLPFC, which indicate a potential use of tSMS for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides evidence for the capacity of tSMS for modulating DLPFC function

Energy-dense diets increase FGF23, lead to phosphorus retention and promote vascular calcifications in rats

Rats with normal renal function (Experiment 1, n = 12) and uninephrectomized (1/2Nx) rats (Experiment 2, n = 12) were fed diets with normal P (NP) and either normal (NF) or high fat (HF). Rats with intact renal function (Experiment 3, n = 12) were also fed NF or HF diets with high P (HP). Additionally, uremic (5/6Nx) rats (n = 16) were fed HP diets with NF or HF. Feeding the HF diets resulted in significant elevation of plasma FGF23 vs rats fed NF diets: Experiment 1, 593 ± 126 vs 157 ± 28 pg/ ml (p < 0.01); Experiment 2, 538 ± 105 vs 250 ± 18 pg/ml (p < 0.05); Experiment 3, 971 ± 118 vs 534 ± 40 pg/ml (p < 0.01). Rats fed HF diets showed P retention and decreased renal klotho (ratio klotho/actin) vs rats fed NF diets: Experiment 1, 0.75 ± 0.06 vs 0.97 ± 0.02 (p < 0.01); Experiment 2, 0.69 ± 0.07 vs 1.12 ± 0.08 (p < 0.01); Experiment 3, 0.57 ± 0.19 vs 1.16 ± 0.15 (p < 0.05). Uremic rats fed HF diet showed more severe vascular calcification (VC) than rats fed NF diet (aortic Ca = 6.3 ± 1.4 vs 1.4 ± 0.1 mg/g tissue, p < 0.001). In conclusion, energy-rich diets increased plasma levels of FGF23, a known risk factor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Even though FGF23 has major phosphaturic actions, feeding HF diets resulted in P retention, likely secondary to decreased renal klotho, and aggravated uremic V

El papel de los estudios bioarqueológicos en las interpretaciones sobre las comunidades neolíticas del noreste peninsular

Resumen del trabajo presentado al VI Congreso del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica: "Los cambios económicos y sus implicaciones sociales durante el Neolítico de la Península Ibérica", celebrado en Granada del 22 al 26 de junio de 2016.-- et al.El marco del proyecto I+D: “Aproximación a las primeras comunidades neolíticas del NE peninsular a través de sus prácticas funerarias” (2011-2015), y su continuidad para los próximos cuatro años al haber sido renovado, tiene por objetivo conocer cada día más y mejor las comunidades de agricultores y pastores que entre finales del V e inicios del IV milenio cal BC ocuparon y enterraron a sus muertos en el noreste de la Península Ibérica. El contexto de estudio es excepcional, puesto que aquellas comunidades inhumaron sistemáticamente a sus congéneres en tumbas habitualmente individuales y ocasionalmente junto a otro individuo. En esta presentación no sólo queremos mostrar los nuevos análisis y metodologías que estamos aplicando al estudio de los restos humanos, sino también el modelo de trabajo que hemos seguido. A este respecto, tres aspectos son fundamentales: 1) las dataciones absolutas son el eje que vertebra los posteriores análisis; 2) la colaboración con los distintos investigadores/as y laboratorios debe ser estrecha (no es cuestión de solicitar los resultados de un análisis a un laboratorio sino trabajar con las personas que manipulan las muestras y conocen los pros y contras de cada una de las técnicas empleadas) y 3) los estudios y análisis a realizar confluyen para responder a las hipótesis planteadas. A este respecto, en el proyecto hemos tenido la fortuna de poder colaborar con numerosos investigadores/as cuya especialidad versa alrededor de los restos funerarios y que firman la presente comunicación: análisis isotópicos, Adn, tafonomía funeraria, estudios de stress muscular y análisis de morfología dental.Peer Reviewe

Excess hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in Spain, 2008-2018

Influenza may trigger complications, particularly in at-risk groups, potentially leading to hospitalization or death. However, due to lack of routine testing, influenza cases are infrequently coded with influenza-specific diagnosis. Statistical models using influenza activity as an explanatory variable can be used to estimate annual hospitalizations and deaths associated with influenza. Our study aimed to estimate the clinical and economic burden of severe influenza in Spain, considering such models. The study comprised ten epidemic seasons (2008/2009-2017/2018) and used two approaches: (i) a direct method of estimating the seasonal influenza hospitalization, based on the number of National Health Service hospitalizations with influenza-specific International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes (ICD-9: 487-488; ICD-10: J09-J11), as primary or secondary diagnosis; (ii) an indirect method of estimating excess hospitalizations and deaths using broader groups of ICD codes in time-series models, computed for six age groups and four groups of diagnoses: pneumonia or influenza (ICD-9: 480-488, 517.1; ICD-10: J09-J18), respiratory (ICD-9: 460-519; ICD-10: J00-J99), respiratory or cardiovascular (C&R, ICD-9: 390-459, 460-519; ICD-10: I00-I99, J00-J99), and all-cause. Means, excluding the H1N1pdm09 pandemic (2009/2010), are reported in this study. The mean number of hospitalizations with a diagnosis of influenza per season was 13,063, corresponding to 28.1 cases per 100,000 people. The mean direct annual cost of these hospitalizations was €45.7 million, of which 65.7% was generated by patients with comorbidities. Mean annual influenza-associated C&R hospitalizations were estimated at 34,894 (min: 16,546; max: 52,861), corresponding to 75.0 cases per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 63.3-86.3) for all ages and 335.3 (95% CI: 293.2-377.5) in patients aged ≥ 65 years. We estimate 3.8 influenza-associated excess C&R hospitalizations for each hospitalization coded with an influenza-specific diagnosis in patients aged ≥ 65 years. The mean direct annual cost of the estimated excess C&R hospitalizations was €142.9 million for all ages and €115.9 million for patients aged ≥ 65 years. Mean annual influenza-associated all-cause mortality per 100,000 people was estimated at 27.7 for all ages. Results suggest a relevant under-detected burden of influenza mostly in the elderly population, but not neglectable in younger people. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-023-08015-3

Groups without cultured representatives dominate eukaryotic picophytoplankton in the oligotrophic South East Pacific Ocean

Background: Photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPE) with a cell size less than 3 µm play a critical role in oceanic primary production. In recent years, the composition of marine picoeukaryote communities has been intensively investigated by molecular approaches, but their photosynthetic fraction remains poorly characterized. This is largely because the classical approach that relies on constructing 18S rRNA gene clone libraries from filtered seawater samples using universal eukaryotic primers is heavily biased toward heterotrophs, especially alveolates and stramenopiles, despite the fact that autotrophic cells in general outnumber heterotrophic ones in the euphotic zone. Methodology/Principal Findings: In order to better assess the composition of the eukaryotic picophytoplankton in the South East Pacific Ocean, encompassing the most oligotrophic oceanic regions on earth, we used a novel approach based on flow cytometry sorting followed by construction of 18S rRNA gene clone libraries. This strategy dramatically increased the recovery of sequences from putative autotrophic groups. The composition of the PPE community appeared highly variable both vertically down the water column and horizontally across the South East Pacific Ocean. In the central gyre, uncultivated lineages dominated: a recently discovered clade of Prasinophyceae (IX), clades of marine Chrysophyceae and Haptophyta, the latter division containing a potentially new class besides Prymnesiophyceae and Pavlophyceae. In contrast, on the edge of the gyre and in the coastal Chilean upwelling, groups with cultivated representatives (Prasinophyceae clade VII and Mamiellales) dominated. Conclusions/Significance: Our data demonstrate that a very large fraction of the eukaryotic picophytoplankton still escapes cultivation. The use of flow cytometry sorting should prove very useful to better characterize specific plankton populations by molecular approaches such as gene cloning or metagenomics, and also to obtain into culture strains representative of these novel groups

A Spanish version for the new ERA-EDTA coding system for primary renal disease

Background: The European Renal Association and the European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) have issued an English-language new coding system for primary kidney disease (PKD) aimed at solving the problems that were identified in the list of "Primary renal diagnoses" that has been in use for over 40 years. Purpose: In the context of Registro Español de Enfermos Renales (Spanish Registry of Renal Patients, REER]), the need for a translation and adaptation of terms, definitions and notes for the new ERA-EDTA codes was perceived in order to help those who have Spanish as their working language when using such codes. Methods: Bilingual nephrologists contributed a professional translation and were involved in a terminological adaptation process, which included a number of phases to contrast translation outputs. Codes, paragraphs, definitions and diagnostic criteria were reviewed and agreements and disagreements aroused for each term were labelled. Finally, the version that was accepted by a majority of reviewers was agreed. Results: A wide agreement was reached in the first review phase, with only 5 points of discrepancy remaining, which were agreed on in the final phase. Conclusions: Translation and adaptation into Spanish represent an improvement that will help to introduce and use the new coding system for PKD, as it can help reducing the time devoted to coding and also the period of adaptation of health workers to the new codes