9,944 research outputs found
A general framework for nonholonomic mechanics: Nonholonomic Systems on Lie affgebroids
This paper presents a geometric description of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
systems on Lie affgebroids subject to affine nonholonomic constraints. We
define the notion of nonholonomically constrained system, and characterize
regularity conditions that guarantee that the dynamics of the system can be
obtained as a suitable projection of the unconstrained dynamics. It is shown
that one can define an almost aff-Poisson bracket on the constraint AV-bundle,
which plays a prominent role in the description of nonholonomic dynamics.
Moreover, these developments give a general description of nonholonomic systems
and the unified treatment permits to study nonholonomic systems after or before
reduction in the same framework. Also, it is not necessary to distinguish
between linear or affine constraints and the methods are valid for explicitly
time-dependent systems.Comment: 50 page
Critical behavior of ferromagnetic pure and random diluted nanoparticles with competing interactions: variational and Monte Carlo approaches
The magnetic properties and critical behavior of both ferromagnetic pure and
metallic nanoparticles having concurrently atomic disorder, dilution and
competing interactions, are studied in the framework of an Ising model. We have
used both the free energy variational principle based on the Bogoliubov
inequality and Monte Carlo simulation. As a case of study for random diluted
nanoparticles we have considered the FeMnAl alloy
characterized for exhibiting, under bulk conditions, low temperature reentrant
spin glass (RSG) behavior and for which experimental and simulation results are
available. Our results allow concluding that the variational model is
successful in reproducing features of the particle size dependence of the Curie
temperature for both pure and random diluted particles. In this last case, low
temperature magnetization reduction was consistent with the same type of RSG
behavior observed in bulk in accordance with the Almeida-Thouless line at low
fields and a linear dependence of the freezing temperature with the reciprocal
of the particle diameter was also obtained. Computation of the correlation
length critical exponent yielded the values via Bogoliubov
and via Monte Carlo. This fact indicates that even though
thermodynamical models can be indeed used in the study of nanostructures and
they can reproduce experimental features, special attention must be paid
regarding critical behavior. From both approaches, differences in the
exponent with respect to the pure Ising model agree with Harris and Fisher
arguments.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
The extended HeII4686-emitting region in IZw18 unveiled: clues for peculiar ionizing sources
New integral field spectroscopy has been obtained for IZw18, the nearby
lowest-metallicity galaxy considered our best local analog of systems forming
at high-z. Here we report the spatially resolved spectral map of the nebular
HeII4686 emission in IZw18, from which we derived for the first time its total
HeII-ionizing flux. Nebular HeII emission implies the existence of a hard
radiation field. HeII-emitters are observed to be more frequent among high-z
galaxies than for local objects. So investigating the HeII-ionizing source(s)
in IZw18 may reveal the ionization processes at high-z. HeII emission in
star-forming galaxies, has been suggested to be mainly associated with
Wolf-Rayet stars (WRs), but WRs cannot satisfactorily explain the
HeII-ionization at all times, in particular at lowest metallicities. Shocks
from supernova remnants, or X-ray binaries, have been proposed as additional
potential sources of HeII-ionizing photons. Our data indicate that conventional
HeII-ionizing sources (WRs, shocks, X-ray binaries) are not sufficient to
explain the observed nebular HeII4686 emission in IZw18. We find that the
HeII-ionizing radiation expected from models for either low-metallicity
super-massive O stars or rotating metal-free stars could account for the
HeII-ionization budget measured, while only the latter models could explain the
highest values of HeII4686/Hbeta observed. The presence of such peculiar stars
in IZw18 is suggestive and further investigation in this regard is needed. This
letter highlights that some of the clues of the early Universe can be found
here in our cosmic backyard.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
Ultrafast electroabsorption dynamics in an InAs quantum dot saturable absorber at 1.3 mu m
The authors report a direct measurement of the absorption dynamics in an InAs p-i-n ridge waveguide quantum dot modulator. The carrier escape mechanisms are investigated via subpicosecond pump-probe measurements at room temperature, under reverse bias conditions. The optical pulses employed are degenerate in wavelength with the quantum dot ground state transition at 1.28 mu m. The absorption change recovers with characteristic times ranging from 62 ps (0 V) to similar to 700 fs (-10 V), showing a decrease of nearly two orders of magnitude. The authors show that at low applied fields, this recovery is attributed to thermionic emission while for higher applied fields, tunneling becomes the dominant mechanism. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.</p
Aperture-free star formation rate of SDSS star-forming galaxies
Large area surveys with a high number of galaxies observed have undoubtedly
marked a milestone in the understanding of several properties of galaxies, such
as star-formation history, morphology, and metallicity. However, in many cases,
these surveys provide fluxes from fixed small apertures (e.g. fibre), which
cover a scant fraction of the galaxy, compelling us to use aperture corrections
to study the global properties of galaxies. In this work, we derive the current
total star formation rate (SFR) of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) star-forming
galaxies, using an empirically based aperture correction of the measured flux for the first time, thus minimising the uncertainties associated
with reduced apertures. All the fluxes have been
extinction-corrected using the ratio free from aperture
effects. The total SFR for 210,000 SDSS star-forming galaxies has been
derived applying pure empirical and aperture
corrections based on the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey.
We find that, on average, the aperture-corrected SFR is 0.65dex higher
than the SDSS fibre-based SFR. The relation between the SFR and stellar mass
for SDSS star-forming galaxies (SFR--) has been obtained, together
with its dependence on extinction and equivalent width. We
compare our results with those obtained in previous works and examine the
behaviour of the derived SFR in six redshift bins, over the redshift range . The SFR-- sequence derived here is in
agreement with selected observational studies based on integral field
spectroscopy of individual galaxies as well as with the predictions of recent
theoretical models of disc galaxies
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