Thermoelectric refrigeration for temperatures below 100 K: A study of titanium sesquioxide

Previous measurements of the specific heat of V-doped Ti2O3 at low temperatures were explained by a model which also suggested the material would have a high thermoelectric figure-of-merit. The sample preparation, experimental apparatus, and the results of measurements on the thermal conductivity, thermoelectric power, and electrical resistivity of a single crystal Ti2O3 - 4% V sample are described. The results are used to derive the thermoelectric figure-of-merit between 5 and 300 K. The figure-of-merit is much smaller than expected and of little practical value because of the very high phonon thermal conductivity

Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems

Remarkable progress in bioengineering over the past two decades has enabled the formulation of fundamental design principles for a variety of medical and non-medical applications. These advancements have laid the foundation for building multicellular engineered living systems (M-CELS) from biological parts, forming functional modules integrated into living machines. These cognizant design principles for living systems encompass novel genetic circuit manipulation, self-assembly, cell–cell/matrix communication, and artificial tissues/organs enabled through systems biology, bioinformatics, computational biology, genetic engineering, and microfluidics. Here, we introduce design principles and a blueprint for forward production of robust and standardized M-CELS, which may undergo variable reiterations through the classic design-build-test-debug cycle. This Review provides practical and theoretical frameworks to forward-design, control, and optimize novel M-CELS. Potential applications include biopharmaceuticals, bioreactor factories, biofuels, environmental bioremediation, cellular computing, biohybrid digital technology, and experimental investigations into mechanisms of multicellular organisms normally hidden inside the “black box” of living cells

LINE STRENGTHS AND COLLISION BROADENED HALF WIDTHS IN THE SECOND OVERTONE BAND OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

$^{1}$R. Herman and R. Wallis, J. Chem. Phys. 23, 637 (1955). $^{2}$P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 76, 647 (1949).""Author Institution: The University of Michigan, Willow Run LaboratoriesAbsolute line strengths and self broadened half widths in the second overtone band of hydrogen fluoride have been measured using a high resolution 3 meter Ebert spectrometer with an average spectral resolution of $0.07 cm^{-1}$. The matrix elements of the individual lines have been determined, and their J dependence has been compared with the theory of Herman, and $Wallis^{1}$ and with numerical computations using a Morse potential and a dipole moment function emperically determined from fundamental and first and second overtone band intensity measurements. The observed half widths are in agreement with the Anderson $theory^{2}$, except that an anomalous non-linear dependence of half width on pressure has been observed for some of the lines

FTIR spectroscopy of the atmosphere Part 2. Applications

The basic principles and methods of FTIR spectroscopy of the atmosphere were summarized in our previous paper (1). Thanks to the continuous technical development of FTIR spectroscopy (increasing throughput, dynamic alignment, more sensitive detectors, brighter sources, increasing scanning speed, development of focal plane array detectors, flexible spectral manipulations and data handling, etc.) in the last decade, this method has offered a great number of unique applications. In this review article, attempt to summarize the results of the most significant and frequent applications of FTIR spectroscopy to the study of the atmosphere. The possibilities of techniques applied in this field, the extractive and open path measurement methods, and the in situ IR absorption measurements such as remote sensing using the sun, the sky, or natural hot objects as IR sources of radiation are discussed. We have made a special focus to FTIR emission spectroscopy, the so-called passive technique, since there are a number of originally hot gaseous samples such as volcanic plumes, automobile gases, stack gas plumes, or flames. Most of the subjects discussed in this article can be closely related to environmental analysis of the atmosphere. There is a wide range of atmospheric environmental applications of FTIR spectroscopy; therefore, we have focused our attention in the second part of the article on applications of FTIR spectroscopy in the atmosphere (troposphere) and stratosphere. We have summarized the basic literature in the field of special environmental applications of FTIR spectroscopy, such as power plants, petrochemical and natural gas plants, waste disposals, agricultural, and industrial sites, and the detection of gases produced in flames, in biomass burning, and in flares