Foreigners on the labour market in Poland

The goal of the paper is the analysis of the scale and structure of the phenomenon of labour immigration in Poland after its accession to the European Union. Gradual liberalisation of legal regulations concerning immi-grants on Polish labour market that occurred after 2004 has had an impact on continuous increase in the number of immigrants who work legally in Poland. Citizens of Ukraine are a predominant group of foreigners. Ukrainians have dominated labour market in Poland mainly in construction sector, services in households, agriculture and also in the sector of transport services and warehousing

Foreign migrations in Poland at the turn of XXI century

The fundamental purpose of the article is to show changes in the intensity, scale and main directions of final foreign migrations in Poland during 1990-2008. On the grounds of statistical data, it ought to be stated that the expectations of increased migration outflow of the permanent character, and also media expectations that after 1st May 2004, 2 mln Poles would leave Poland did not come true. However, after Poland had joined the European Union the scale of temporary departures for work increased, and the number of people leaving Poland for a specific period of time, while assuming return migration but without stating when the return was going to take place, increased. After Poland had joined the European Union the scale of temporary departures for work increased. 70% of emigrating Polish people stay abroad for over a year, and therefore they should be considered long-term emigrants: the main purpose is earning money, but the transfer of income to the country is smaller and smaller, espesially during the world crisis 2008-2009. This decrease places Poland on the third position (after Moldavia and Turkey) among emigration countries that suffered most in the crisis because of lower transfers

Effects of Different Convection Models Upon the High-Latitude Ionosphere

It is well known that convection electric fields have an important effect on the ionosphere at high latitudes and that a quantitative understanding of their effect requires a knowledge of plasma convection over the entire high-latitude region. Two empirical models of plasma convection that have been proposed for use in studying the ionosphere are the Volland and Heelis models. Both of these models provide a similar description of two-celled ionospheric convection, but they differ in several ways, in particular, in the manner in which plasma flows over the central polar cap and near the polar cap boundary. In order to obtain a better understanding of the way in which these two models affect the ionosphere, two separate runs of our high-latitude, time-dependent ionospheric model were made, with only the convection models distinguishing the two runs. It was found that the two models lead to differences in the ionosphere but often the differences are subtle and are swamped by universal time effects. The most notable differences are in predictions of the height of the F2 peak and in the ion temperature, particularly along the evening polar cap boundary and in the cusp region. For these two parameters, the differences caused by the two different convection models dominate the universal time effects. One question that arises is whether one could examine measurements of plasma density and temperature and determine which of the two convection models most accurately represents actual ionospheric convection. Unfortunately, it is expected that when the effects of other ionospheric inputs are considered, such as the neutral wind, the uncertainties are sufficiently large that the characteristic differences between the Volland and Heelis convection models cannot be clearly identified in an examination of plasma density and temperature measurements

Sugarbeet Production Under Reduced Tillage Prospects And Problems

A study was initiated in the fall of 1977 to obtain base line data on the applicability of reduced tillage sugarbeet production in the Red River Valley. Three reduced tillage systems were compared to a conventional system which consisted of fall plow plus secondary tillage. Results indicated warmer early spring soil temperatures, better seedling emergence, lower ground-level wind speed and no significant yield loss under reduced tillage as compared to the conventional system

High Quality Image Compression for Rockets and Satellites

Installed communication systems for the more recent imagery rockets and satellites generally do not have sufficient data link bandwidth to allow imagery transmission. High quality image compression can alleviate this problem since 5 to 10 times more image data can be transmitted over existing communication systems. Researchers at Utah State University have developed a high quality image compression algorithm which has been denoted as Statistically Lossless . This algorithm combines the good features of the well known vector quantization (VQ) compression and lossless compression. Results are presented in this paper in which different scientific imagery collection systems have been processed using the algorithm. In order to implement this algorithm, a CMOS VLSI chip has been produced which allows a VQ compression system to process 512 x 512 pixel images at a rate of 30 frames per second

Modeling of drop sizes from effervescent atomization of gelatinized starch suspensions

The applicability of previously published models for prediction of representative drop sizes resulting from effervescent atomization has been evaluated for usage with gelatinized starch suspensions. The calculated results are in qualitative agreement with experimental ones, but show an over prediction and reduced sensitivity to material properties. Analysis of the models shows that the material properties are neglected in a significant step

Local authority responses to people with NRPF during the pandemic: research report

Migrants with ‘no recourse to public funds’ (NRPF) are at high risk of destitution due to their exclusion from most welfare benefits and statutory housing support. This is a longstanding issue that has been highlighted by campaigners, academics and the migration sector. This report examines how local authorities in England responded to people with NRPF during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights systemic issues with access to support for people with NRPF and shows how provision varied considerably across England (most notably in the case of single adults with NRPF who would not normally be eligible for support but were included in the COVID-19 homelessness response) and even within individual local authorities. The COVID-19 pandemic has made life significantly more difficult and precarious for people with NRPF. Many have lost income, employment and accommodation, while non-statutory support services have been forced to close. The number of people with NRPF in need of assistance to meet their basic needs has increased. Our research indicates that people with NRPF are more likely to become seriously ill or die if they contract COVID-19. Despite this, it has been difficult for many people with NRPF to access the help they need, including adequate food, shelter and subsistence support, during this public health crisis. Local authorities have statutory duties towards two categories of people with NRPF: families with ‘children in need’; and adults with care needs. There are, however, significant variations in how these duties are implemented, with many migrants in need of support unable to access their entitlements under normal (pre-pandemic) circumstances. A key problem in this area is that local authorities are not funded by central government to provide support to people with NRPF - an issue that has been consistently raised by rights advocates. This issue became more urgent during the pandemic as local authorities were called upon by central government to provide support to a third group of people with NRPF who would not normally be eligible for assistance: single homeless adults without care needs. Our research shows that, while some councils put in place effective emergency support for this group, the England-wide response of local authorities was frequently characterised by confusion, a lack of information about support options, the ‘gatekeeping’ of access to accommodation, and gaps in essential provision (e.g. food). Our research focuses on the period during which the UK was in ‘lockdown’. But the problems we highlight in this report have by no means come to an end. Local authorities continue to be underfunded and the destitution experienced by people with NRPF has not abated. It is unclear what will happen to homeless adults with NRPF who have no statutory entitlement to support as public- health concerns subside. Our research indicates that while some local authorities are trying to respond to this issue in a way that respects people’s rights and dignity, others do not want to continue to support people with NRPF, with a number planning to resort to so-called ‘voluntary returns’ or ‘reconnection’. In the view of many of our research participants, only an urgent end to the NRPF system can adequately address the problems that have been highlighted by COVID-19

Irrigated water, polymer application in

In the past decade, water-soluble polyacrylamide (PAM) was identified as an environmentally safe and highly effective erosion preventing and infiltration enhancing polymer when applied in furrow irrigation water at 1 mg L-1 - 10 mg L-1 , i.e., 1 ppm- 10 ppm.[1-9] Various polymers and biopolymers have long been recognized as viable soil conditioners because they stabilize soil surface structure and pore continuity. The new strategy of adding the conditioner, high molecular weight anionic PAM, to irrigation water in the first several hours of irrigation implies a significant costs savings over traditional application methods, in which hundreds of kilograms per hectare of soil additives are tilled into the entire (15 cm deep) soil surface layer. By adding PAM to the irrigation water, soil structure is improved in the important 1-5 mm thick layer at the soil/water interface of the 25%-30% of field surface contacted by flowing water. In 1995, the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) published a PAM-use conservation practice standard for PAM-use in irrigation water." 01 A 3-year study[21 applying these standards showed that PAM at dosage rates of 1 kg ha-1 -2 kg ha-1 per irrigation eliminated 94% (80%-99% range) of sediment loss in furrow irrigation runoff, while increasing infiltration 15%-50%. Seasonal application rates using the NRCS standard typically total 3 kg ha -1 -5 kg ha-1 . As PAM-use is one of the most effective and economical technologies for reducing soil-runoff, it has branched into stabilization of construction sites and road cuts, with formal statewide application standards set in Wisconsin and several southern states. Recent studies with biopolymers such as charged polysaccharides,[11-143 whey," 51 and industrial cellulose derivatives[11.141 introduce potential biopolymer alternatives to PAM

Model-Observation Comparison Study of Multiple Polar Cap Arcs

A quantitative model-observation comparison of multiple polar cap arcs has been conducted by using a time-dependent theoretical model of polar cap arcs. In particular, the electrodynamical features of multiple polar cap arcs with various spacings are simulated and the results are compared with the images obtained from the All-Sky Intensified Photometer at Qaanaaq. The results show that the observed and simulated arcs are quite similar, both spatially and temporally. The results support the theory proposed by Zhu et al. [1993a, 1994b] that the structure of polar cap arcs is mainly determined by the magnetosphere-ionosphere (M-I) coupling processes and that the spacing of multiple polar cap arcs is closely related to the hardness of the primary magnetospheric precipitation. It is found that for the multiple polar cap arcs with both narrow and wide spacings, the associated field-aligned currents are mainly closed by Pedersen currents. It is also found that a hard precipitation can lead to a highly structured secondary arc because of the nonlinear M-I coupling processes