486 research outputs found
Accelerator mass spectrometry 14C determination in CO2 produced from laser decomposition of aragonite
Author Posting. © John Wiley & Sons, 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22 (2008): 3443-3449, doi:10.1002/rcm.3745.Determination of 14C in aragonite (CaCO3) decomposed thermally to CO2
using an yttriumâaluminumâgarnet doped neodymium laser is reported. Laser
decomposition accelerator mass spectrometer (LDâAMS) measurements
reproduce AMS determinations of 14C from conventional reaction of aragonite
with concentrated phosphoric acid. The lack of significant differences between
these sets of measurements indicate that LDâAMS radiocarbon dating can
overcome the significant fractionation that has been observed during stable
isotope (C and O) laser decomposition analysis of different carbonate minerals.
The laser regularly converted nearly 30% of material removed to CO2 despite
being optimized for ablation, where laser energy breaks material apart rather
than chemically altering it. These results illustrate promise for using laser
decomposition on the frontâend of AMS systems that directly measure CO2 gas.
The feasibility of such measurements depends on 1. the improvement of material
removal and/or CO2 generation efficiency of the laser decomposition system and
2. the ionization efficiency of AMS systems measuring continuously flowing
CO2.This work was funded on a competitive basis by the Cecil H. and Ida M.
Green Technology Innovation Award of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Salinity change in the subtropical Atlantic : secular increase and teleconnections to the North Atlantic Oscillation
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005): L02603, doi:10.1029/2004GL021499.Recent studies comparing shipboard data between the 1950's and the 1990's have shown significant, heterogeneous adjustments of the temperature-salinity structure of the N. Atlantic Ocean. Here, we present proxy records of temperature and salinity from aragonite sclerosponge skeletons, extending existing records of the Salinity Maximum Waters (SMW) of the N. Atlantic back to 1890. These proxy records show secular temperature increases of 1.6â2.0°C, higher than published global averages, and salinity increases of 0.35â0.5 psu, smaller than short-term secular trends recently measured. Salinity reconstructions vary more significantly on the decadal scale, showing changes that are related to low-frequency variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). On both secular and decadal time scales, the records indicate significant thermohaline changes in the SMW, either via forcing at the surface or increasing depths of density surfaces in the Bahamas.This project was supported by National
Science Foundation grants 9819147 and 0136941 (to P.K.S) and 9876565
and 0134998 (to S.R.T)
The 13C Suess Effect in Scleractinian Corals Mirror Changes in the Anthropogenic CO2 Inventory of the Surface Oceans
New ÎŽ13C data are presented from 10 coral skeletons collected from Florida and elsewhere in the Caribbean (Dominica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Belize). These corals range from 96 to 200 years in age and were collected between 1976 and 2002. The change in the ÎŽ13C of the skeletons from these corals between 1900 and 1990 has been compared with 27 other published coral records from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The new data presented here make possible, for the first time, a global comparison of rates of change in the ÎŽ13C value of coral skeletons. Of these records, 64% show a statistically significant (p \u3c 0.05) decrease in ÎŽ13C towards the modern day (23 out of 37). This decrease is attributable to the addition of anthropogenically derived CO2 (13C Suess effect) to the atmosphere. Between 1900 and 1990, the average rate of change of the ÎŽ13C in all the coral skeletons living under open oceanic conditions is approximately â0.01â° yrâ1. In the Atlantic Ocean the magnitude of the decrease since 1960,â0.019 yrâ1 ±0.015â°, is essentially the same as the decrease in the ÎŽ13C of atmospheric CO2 and the ÎŽ13C of the oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon (â0.023 to â0.029â° yrâ1), while in the Pacific and Indian Oceans the rate is more variable and significantly reduced (â0.007â° yrâ1 ±0.013). These data strongly support the notion that (i) the ÎŽ13C of the atmosphere controls ambient ÎŽ13C of the dissolved inorganic carbon which in turn is reflected in the coral skeletons, (ii) the rate of decline in the coral skeletons is higher in oceans with a greater anthropogenic CO2inventory in the surface oceans, (iii) the rate of ÎŽ13C decline is accelerating. Superimposed on these secular variations are controls on theÎŽ13C in the skeleton governed by growth rate, insolation, and local water masses
Software development for continuous-gas-flow AMS
Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266 (2008): 2233-2237, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2008.03.001.The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) Facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is presently completing installation of a novel continuous-flow AMS system. A multi-year development of an AMS microwave gas ion source in collaboration with Atomic Energy Canada Limited (AECL), Chalk River, has preceded this final step of an implementation that is expected to add a new dimension to 14C AMS. National Instruments, NIM, and CAMAC modules have been programmed with LabVIEW on a Windows XP platform to form the basis for data acquisition. In this paper we discuss possible applications and include simulations of expected data acquisition scenarios like real-time AMS analysis of chromatograms. Particular attention is given to issues of synchronization between rapidly changing input amplitudes and signal processing cycles in hardware and software.This work is supported by the United States National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement OCE-0228996
Stylasterid corals: a new paleotemperature archive
Stylasterids are a ubiquitous deep-sea coral taxon that build their skeletons from either calcite, aragonite, or both. Yet, robust geochemical proxy data from these corals are limited. In this study, 95 modern stylasterids, spanning a wide range of depths (63 to 2894 m) and ambient seawater temperatures (0 to 17 °C), were tested for their potential use as paleoceanographic archives. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopic composition (O and C) were measured from the main trunk of all specimens and five specimens were further sub-sampled to assess internal chemical variability. The isotope data show non-equilibrium precipitation from seawater for both O and C, with the growing tips of colonies yielding the isotopically lowest values. Overall, the calcitic corals showed lower isotope values for O and C than aragonitic specimens. Within the aragonite corals, we present a O:temperature calibration that exhibits a significant linear relationship with the equation Ocoral-seawater = â0.22(°C) + 3.33(±0.06) across a temperature range of 0 to 30 °C, using samples from this study and published data. This work highlights the potential application of stylasterid coral
O data to reconstruct paleo seawater temperature
A high-performance 14C accelerator mass spectrometry system
Author Posting. © Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of Dept. of Geosciences, University of Arizona for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Radiocarbon 52 (2010): 228-235.A new and unique radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility has been constructed at the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The defining characteristic of the new system is its large-gap optical elements that
provide a larger-than-standard beam acceptance. Such a system is ideally suited for high-throughput, high-precision measurements
of 14C. Details and performance of the new system are presented
Sex-biased parental care and sexual size dimorphism in a provisioning arthropod
The diverse selection pressures driving the evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) have long been debated. While the balance between fecundity selection and sexual selection has received much attention, explanations based on sex-specific ecology have proven harder to test. In ectotherms, females are typically larger than males, and this is frequently thought to be because size constrains female fecundity more than it constrains male mating success. However, SSD could additionally reflect maternal care strategies. Under this hypothesis, females are relatively larger where reproduction requires greater maximum maternal effort â for example where mothers transport heavy provisions to nests.
To test this hypothesis we focussed on digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Ammophilini), a relatively homogeneous group in which only females provision offspring. In some species, a single large prey item, up to 10 times the motherâs weight, must be carried to each burrow on foot; other species provide many small prey, each flown individually to the nest.
We found more pronounced female-biased SSD in species where females carry single, heavy prey. More generally, SSD was negatively correlated with numbers of prey provided per offspring. Females provisioning multiple small items had longer wings and thoraxes, probably because smaller prey are carried in flight.
Despite much theorising, few empirical studies have tested how sex-biased parental care can affect SSD. Our study reveals that such costs can be associated with the evolution of dimorphism, and this should be investigated in other clades where parental care costs differ between sexes and species
Evidence of multidecadal salinity variability in the eastern tropical North Atlantic
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 21 (2006): PA3010, doi:10.1029/2005PA001257.Ocean circulation and global climate are strongly influenced by
seawater density, which is itself controlled by salinity and temperature.
Although adequate instrumental sea-surface temperature (SST) records
exist for most of the surface oceans over the past 100-150 years, records of
salinity really only exist for the last 40-50 years. Here we show that
longer proxy records from corals (Siderastrea radians) in the eastern
tropical North Atlantic are dominated by multi-decadal variations in
salinity which are correlated with the relationship between SST and the
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) over the course of the 20th century. The
data reveal an increase in eastern tropical North Atlantic salinity of +0.5
psu between about 1950-1990. Rather than a monotonic secular increase,
as indicated by some instrumental records, the pre-instrumental coral
proxy records presented here suggest that salinity in the tropical North
Atlantic is periodic on a decadal to multi-decadal scale
A method for successful collection of multicores and gravity cores from Antarctic subglacial lakes
During the 2018â2019 Antarctic field season, the Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access project team cleanly accessed Mercer Subglacial Lake, West Antarctica, to sample water and sediments beneath 1087 m of overlying ice. A multicorer was successful in sampling the sedimentâwater interface, with 4 deployments retrieving 10 cores between 0.3 and 0.4 m in length. Gravity coring was also successful, retrieving cores of 0.97 and 1.78 m in glacial diamict. However, sediment cores retrieved by the gravity cores were shorter than the core barrel penetration (as measured by mud streaks on the outside of the coring system), indicating that the system can likely be improved. This manuscript describes the design, implementation, successes, and lessons learned while coring sediments in a subglacial lake
- âŠ