Blood Selenium Associated with Health and Fertility in Norwegian Dairy Herds

A survey of blood selenium (Se) concentrations in Norwegian Red heifers and dry period cows was conducted to reveal possible association to management, feeding, health and fertility. Selenium contents were determined in 254 herd blood samples consisting of pooled samples from individual non-lactating animals from herds in 5 counties. The Se concentrations showed a normal distribution with mean 0.09 μg Se/g blood, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.05, and ranged from 0.02 to 0.23 μg/g, with 50 % of the samples being between 0.06 and 0.11 μg/g. The herds with Se concentrations below 0.06 μg/g were smaller (21.4 ± 8.7 cow-years) than those with Se levels above 0.11 μg/g (27.5 ± 14.1 cow-years) (P < 0.01), but there were no differences in milk yield, incidence of replacement, proportion of animal culling, amount of concentrate or grass silage as percentage of energy consumption between the groups. Treatment registration records showed a tendency that more animals in the low Se herds were treated for all the diseases included in this investigation (64.8 animals per 100 cow-years) than those in the high Se herds (57.5 per 100 cow-years), while no such differences were revealed for individual disorders. There was, however, a significant difference in bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC) between low and high Se herds, their values being 137 000 and 155 000 cells/ml, respectively. This difference was significantly influenced by herd size. Furthermore, a total of 4 916 lactations were analyzed from individual health and fertility recordings, including 2 934 first lactations and 1 982 later lactations. The present study revealed a reduced incidence of disease treatment with increased Se concentrations from 0.02 to 0.23 μg Se/g blood. In this regard, there seemed to be an optimum of 0.10 to 0.15 μg Se/g for all types of mastitis treatments summarized, and for treatment of retained placenta. Thus, herd Se concentrations below and above these values was connected with increased probability for sum mastitis and retained placenta, reflecting the effect of the quadratic term of Se. The cow (composite) milk somatic cell count (SCC) was lower in lactations from low Se herds than in high Se herds with a marked SCC increase in the Se concentration interval from 0.11–0.13 μg/g blood. In conclusion, heifers and dry period cows in Norway are low in blood Se content and there seems to be a positive association between increased blood Se concentration pre partum and decreased incidence of mastitis, ovarian cysts and anoestrus/silent oestrus post partum

The effect of horizontal transmission on the spread of <i>Wolbachia</i> through populations.

<p>Simulations were performed to explore the effect of horizontal transmission on the prevalence of <i>Wolbachia</i>. The blue lines are where there was no horizontal transmission (<i>w</i> = 0), the dashed orange line was a low rate (<i>w</i> = 0.01), and the solid orange line a moderate rate of horizontal transmission (<i>w</i> = 0.06). A: The effect of horizontal transmission when there is not effect of <i>Wolbachia</i> on host fitness and no reproductive manipulation (<i>H</i> = 1, <i>F</i> = 1). B: <i>Wolbachia</i> induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (<i>H</i> = 0.1, <i>F</i> = 1). C: <i>Wolbachia</i> carries a fitness benefit (<i>H</i> = 1, <i>F</i> = 1.05). In all cases the starting prevalence was <i>p</i> = 0.01 and the rate of imperfect maternal transmission was <i>μ</i> = 0.03.</p