Using the case of Sudan to understand how countries are still able, through the concept of State Sovereignty, to protect themselves from their human rights obligations.

As contínuas alterações sofridas pelo conceito de Soberania de Estado em sintonia com o crescimento da interdependência, levam a uma maior preocupação por parte dos Estados - como atores globais - nos assuntos internos de terceiros, sobretudo no que diz respeito a casos em que são violados os direitos humanos dos seus cidadãos. No entanto, o caso da crise humanitária do Darfur, expõe, para além da impiedade do Estado do Sudão – responsável máximo pelos acontecimentos -, a fragilidade de um sistema internacional focado numa organização anárquica, em que a soberania é ainda fator derradeiro de decisão sobre intervenção, mesmo em casos de atrocidade extrema. Esta dissertação propõe-se fazer uma análise crítica ao conceito de Soberania de Estado, tentando concluir porque é que existem ainda países que se protegem por detrás desta noção, expondo, mais concretamente, as consequências que a sua aplicação autoritária, por parte do governo do Sudão, gerou na região. Por esta razão, é proposto um conceito teórico, mas de abordagem executiva, o R2P, como recurso à impunidade que vem persistindo globalmente na defesa contra violações de direitos humanos.The continuous changes suffered by the concept of State Sovereignty in line with the growth of interdependence, lead to a greater concern on the part of States - as global actors - in the internal affairs of third parties, especially with regard to cases in which human rights are violated. However, the case of the Darfur humanitarian crisis, exposes, in addition to the wickedness of the State of Sudan – the main responsible for the events - the weakness of an international system focused on an anarchic organization, in which sovereignty is still the ultimate factor in deciding on intervention, even in cases of extreme atrocity. This dissertation proposes to make a critical analysis to the concept of State Sovereignty, trying to conclude why there are still countries that protect themselves behind this notion, exposing, more concretely, the consequences that its authoritarian application, by the government of Sudan, spawned in the region. For this reason, a theoretical concept, but with an executive approach, the R2P, is proposed as a resource for impunity that has persisted globally in the defense against human rights violations

Giving Out But Not Giving Up: The Port of Lisbon Authority (1907-2005)

This article explores the way government has been managing the antagonism between institutional forces towards efficiency and those towards control in the international seaport of Lisbon. We conclude that the antagonism emerges in the presence of certain institutional forces, like economic downturns and political changes, that stimulate the adoption of new adequate templates. Governments have come to manage this antagonism through the separation between the strategic and operational structures, and by controlling strategic issues while giving operational autonomy. As such, organizational transformations have reflected this way to manage the antagonism. Given the emergence of new institutional templates (e.g. corporate governance) we also identify major challenges governments will face to integrate contradictory institutional forces

Two-dimensional Magnetic Correlations And Partial Long-range Order In Geometrically Frustrated Sr2yruo6.

Neutron diffraction on the double perovskite Sr(2)YRuO(6) with a quasi-fcc lattice of Ru moments reveals planar magnetic correlations that condense into a partial long-range ordered state with coupled alternate antiferromagnetic (AFM) YRuO(4) square layers coexisting with the short-range correlations below T(N1) = 32 K. A second transition to a fully ordered AFM state below T(N2) = 24 K is observed. The reduced dimensionality of the spin correlations is arguably due to a cancellation of the magnetic coupling between consecutive AFM square layers in fcc antiferromagnets, which is the simplest three-dimensional frustrated magnet model system.11001720

Chromatographic comparison of self-immobilized and radiation-immobilized poly(methyloctylsiloxane) stationary phases on various silicas

Self-immobilized and radiation-immobilized stationary phases were prepared with poly(methyloctylsiloxane) on eight silica supports having different particle sizes, particle shapes and pore sizes. Columns prepared by the two immobilization procedures had similar efficiencies, resolutions and separation factors but columns with self-immobilized stationary phases had lower percent loadings and, thus, lower retention factors. Results show structural differences between the phases.Dois tipos de fase estacionária, auto-imobilizada e imobilizada por radiação, foram preparadas com poli(metiloctilsiloxano) sobre oito suportes de sílica com tamanho e forma de partículas, e tamanho de poros diferentes. As colunas recheadas com as fases estacionárias preparadas através dos dois procedimentos de imobilização apresentaram eficiências, resoluções e fatores de separação similares, mas as colunas recheadas com a fase estacionária auto-imobilizada tiveram percentagens de carga menores e, portanto, fatores de retenção menores. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças estruturais entre as fases.116121Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq