Generosity as an Individual Difference Variable: Preliminary Steps towards a New Measurement Scale

Generosity is giving more real value to another entity than the giver expects in return. It is seen as the height of humanity by philosophers, and as non-rational by economists, and is not only encouraged but also mandated by religious institutions. Altruism, the motivator of generosity is called the main problem in sociobiology (Ridley & Dawkins 1981). Interest has been shown in generosity and altruism for centuries. Marketers are primarily interested in generosity as it drives support of non-profit causes, but it also has potential value in understanding complaint behavior, service failures, and tipping of service workers. This paper represents an effort to explicate generosity through the eyes of the various disciplines that are concerned with it. The goal is to develop a comprehensive literature review on generosity and propose a measure of the tendency to behave in a generous manner. We look at how generosity regarded in Philosophy where it is a central theme, in Economics where it not possible, in Psychology, where generosity is part of helping behavior and in Marketing where tipping behavior and charitable giving are its logical, though not well-researched correlates. We develop a series of propositions upon which we will begin building a scalar measure of the tendency to be generous. These are: Humility will be positively related to self-reported generous tendencies. Empathetic concern will be positively related to self-reported generous tendencies. Materialism will be negatively related to self-reported generous tendencies It is our hope that we can create a measure useful in a number of disciplines but especially in marketing to help segment and communicate for giving and activism appeals and to better understand tipping behavior

Tingkat Keberhasilan dan Pengaruh Status Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Adopsi Inovasi Inseminasi Buatan (IB) Pada Usaha Peternakan Kerbau di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Sumatera Barat

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di daerah Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Sumatera Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: 1) Tingkat keberhasilan adopsi inovasi Inseminasi Buatan (IB) dan 2) Pengaruh status sosial ekonomi peternak kerbau terhadap  proses adopsi inovasi Inseminasi Buatan (IB) di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan metode survey dan pendekatan analisa data sekunder. Populasi adalah peternak kerbau yang sudah mengadopsi inovasi Inseminasi Buatan (IB), sampel ditetapkan dengan formula Slovin sehingga diperoleh jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 peternak. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kuantitatif yang dihitung dengan menggunakan skala likert. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keberhasilan IB pada ternak kerbau di Kabupaten Pariaman dilihat dari Service per Conception (S/C) berada pada kategori baik, dimana nilai S/C adalah 1.67, sedangkan dilihat dari Calving Rate (CvR) tingkat keberhasilan hanya 58%. Status sosial ekonomi peternak seperti Skala Usaha (SU), Pendapatan (Pdptn), Resiko (Rsk), Umur (U), Status dalam Kelompok (SdK), dan Keaktifan (K) mencari informasi kurang mempengaruhi peternak kerbau dalam proses pengambilan keputusan adopsi inovasi Inseminasi Buatan (IB) di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman.Kata kunci : Adopsi inovasi, inseminasi buatan (IB), status sosial ekonomi,  ABSTRACTThis research was conducted in Padang Pariaman District, West Sumatera. The purpose of this study was to determine: 1) The success rate of innovation adoption Artificial Insemination (AI) and 2) Effects of socioeconomic status buffalo breeders to the process of innovation adoption Artificial Insemination (AI) in Padang Pariaman regency. This research uses survey method approach and secondary data analysis approach. The population is a buffalo breeder who has adopted the innovation of Artificial Insemination (AI), the sample is determined with Slovin formula so that the number of samples of 50 breeders is obtained. Data analysis is done by descriptive quantitative calculated by using likert scale. The results showed that the level of success of the IB in buffaloes in Pariaman seen from the Service per Conception (S / C) is in either category, where the value of the S / C is 1.67, while the views of Calving Rate (CvR) a success rate of only 58%. Socio-economic status of farmers like Scale Enterprises (SE), Revenue (R), Risk (Rsk), Age (A), the Status of the group (Sog), and Activeness (A) seeking information less affecting farmers buffalo in the decision process of innovation adoption Artificial Insemination (AI) in Padang Pariaman District. Key words: Adoption innovation, artificial insemination socio-economic statu

Reconstruction of Complex Post-Traumatic Perineal/Pelvic Defects Using a Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flap in a Child

The complexity of the female pelvis and perineum becomes evident when traumatic or surgical defects need to be reconstructed; consideration should be given to the restoration or preservation of the most important  functions subserved by this anatomic region. We used a composite pedicled  fasciocutaneous anterolateral thigh flap with an innervated vastus lateralis muscle to reconstruct the pelvic ring, vagina, clitoris, labia and mons pubis. Unaided ambulation, urinary and anal continence were successfully restored. An appropriately designed pedicled ALT flap can be successfully used to achieve excellent pelvic/perineal reconstruction and functional restoration in complex pelvic/ perineal defects, even in children.Key Words: Trauma, Perineum, Pedicled ALT, Reconstructio

Experimental Analysis of Separate Functions of Two Aberrant Licking Topographies in an Adolescent with Traumatic Brain Injury

Experimental functional analysis has been successful in identifying environmental factors maintaining challenging behaviors and indicating effective interventions. However, an analysis for multiple topographies of behavior may yield imprecise hypotheses if those topographies are combined within the same contingency within the analysis and aggregated for analysis on a single graph. The current study explored the utility of separate graphing and independent analysis strategies during the assessment for two topographies of licking, “self” and “other.” A series of three analyses were conducted. Contingencies in the first analysis were programmed for both topographies. An analysis of each topography on separate graphs indicated separate functions; however, strong conclusions were not possible due to the presence of undifferentiated data. Next, contingencies for the second analysis were programmed only for self licking, and then contingencies for the third analysis were programmed only for other licking. Results strengthened the hypotheses that “other” licking was maintained by tangible reinforcement and “self” licking was maintained by automatic reinforcement. This study showed how independent analysis and separate graphing strategies may improve the precision of a functional analysis targeting multiple topographies, and demonstrated how very similar topographies may serve separate functions

Wealth Building in Rural America: Perspective, Knowledge, Outlook

Wealth Building in Rural America: Perspective, Knowledge, Outloo

Nuances of the psychogastroenterology patient: A predictive model for gastrointestinal quality of life improvement

BackgroundGastrointestinal conditions are multifactorial in nature, and certain patients can benefit greatly from brain–gut psychotherapies delivered by mental health professionals who specialize in psychogastroenterology. This study aimed to identify features associated with improvements in GI‐specific quality of life scores following behavioral health interventions (BHI). The second aim was to create a psychogastroenterology referral care pathway incorporating identified characteristics for greatest benefit from GI‐specific behavioral therapy.MethodsWe performed a prospective observational study of 101 (63 women; median age, 45 years) gastroenterology patients referred for psychogastroenterology consultation at a single center. Patients attended an average of seven sessions with a single GI psychologist where evidence‐based brain–gut psychotherapies were employed. GI‐specific quality of life (IBS‐QOL) and psychological distress (BSI‐18) were assessed before and after BHI. Patients completed self‐reported questionnaires. We performed a multivariable analysis to determine predictors associated with IBS‐QOL score improvement.Key ResultsA total of 53 (52.5%) patients experienced improvement in IBS‐QOL score. Patients with improved IBS‐QOL scores had significantly higher baseline BSI general domain T‐scores (61.9 vs. 56.9, P = 0.002). Female gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.2), pretreatment BSI somatization T‐score ≥63 (OR, 3.7), and a diagnosis of depression (OR, 4.2) were associated with greater odds of IBS‐QOL score improvement following BHI.Conclusions and InferencesWe identified factors associated with response to GI‐specific BHI to aid in optimizing the utilization of psychogastroenterology services and provide referring providers with information to inform treatment recommendations. Female patients with disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs), high somatization, and depression should be considered a priority for brain–gut psychotherapies.Gastrointestinal conditions are multifactorial in nature, and certain patients can benefit greatly from brain–gut psychotherapies delivered by mental health professionals who specialize in psychogastroenterology. Females with disorders of gut–brain interaction, high somatization, and depression should be considered priority for brain–gut psychotherapies. Behavioral health outcomes were not limited to disease; patients with IBD should be routinely considered for referral. Optimizing utilization of GI‐specific behavioral health specialists for the best outcomes can maximize quality of life and disease experience, but also improve value‐based care.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151345/1/nmo13663.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151345/2/nmo13663_am.pd

You\u27re So Gay! : Do Different Forms of Bullying Matter for Adolescent Males?

This study examined effects of adolescent males\u27 perceptions of being bullied because of verbal taunts related to gender nonconformity (i.e., They say I\u27m gay ). Participants included 251 ninth- (n = 77), tenth- (n = 96), and eleventh- (n = 78) grade students in a private, all-male college preparatory school. Participants were divided into two groups based on whether they were bullied by being called gay. Out of the 251 participants, 121 (48%) reported having been bullied and 127 (50%) stated that they had not been bullied during the past year (2% did not report). Of the 121 participants who had been bullied, 32 (26%) reported that they had been bullied because others called them gay (Group 1) and 89 (74%) reported that they had been bullied for other reasons, exclusive of being called gay (Group 2). Consistent with predictions, the boys who were bullied because they were called gay experienced greater psychological distress, greater verbal and physical bullying, and more negative perceptions of their school experiences than boys who were bullied for other reasons. Implications for school-based intervention services for bullying are discussed

Impact of age and race on outcomes of a program to prevent excess weight gain and disordered eating in adolescent girls

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) prevents weight gain and reduces loss-of-control (LOC)-eating in adults. However, IPT was not superior to health-education (HE) for preventing excess weight gain and reducing LOC-eating over 1-year in adolescent girls at risk for excess weight gain and eating disorders. Limited data suggest that older and non-White youth may be especially responsive to IPT. In secondary analyses, we examined if age or race moderated weight and LOC-eating outcomes. The 113 participants (12–17 years; 56.6% White) from the original trial were re-contacted 3 years later for assessment. At baseline and follow-up visits through 3 years, we assessed BMI, adiposity by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and LOC-eating presence. In linear mixed models, baseline age moderated 3-year BMI outcome; older girls in IPT had the lowest 3-year BMI gain compared to younger girls in IPT and all girls in HE, p = 0.04. A similar pattern was observed for adiposity. Race moderated 3-year LOC-eating; non-White girls in IPT were most likely to abstain from LOC-eating at 3 years compared to all other girls, p = 0.04. This hypothesis-generating analysis suggests future studies should determine if IPT is especially efficacious at reducing LOC-eating in older, non-White adolescents