Status report the SRC-1 and SRC-2 processes

Bench-scale and pilot plant development of solvent refined coal (SRC) processes is reviewed. Large SRC demonstration plants are described. Commercialization of the process is envisioned for the 1980's

Attitudes and Preferences of ESL Students to Error Correction

This article presents the findings of a survey of ESL students' attitudes toward and preferences for the correction of spoken errors by native speaker friends. The 418 subjects reported generally positive attitudes toward error correction, and claimed to prefer even more correction than their friends did. They saw correcting errors as facilitating--even being necessary--for the improvement of their oral English

Next generation hairpin polyamides with (R)-3,4-diaminobutyric acid turn unit

The characterization of a new class of pyrrole−imidazole hairpin polyamides with β-amino-γ-turn units for recognition of the DNA minor groove is reported. A library of eight hairpins containing (R)- and (S)-3,4-diaminobutyric acid (β-amino-γ-turn) has been synthesized, and the impact of the molecules on DNA-duplex stabilization was studied for comparison with the parent γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-turn) and standard (R)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (α-amino-γ-turn)-linked eight-ring polyamides. For some, but not all, sequence compositions, melting temperature analyses have revealed that both enantiomeric forms of the β-amino-γ-turn increase the DNA-binding affinity of polyamides relative to the (R)-α-amino-γ-turn. The (R)-β-amine residue may be an attractive alternative for constructing hairpin polyamide conjugates. Biological assays have shown that (R)-β-amino-γ-turn hairpins are able to inhibit androgen receptor-mediated gene expression in cell culture similar to hairpins bearing the standard (R)-α-amino-γ-turn, from which we infer they are cell-permeable

The Physics of Dissent and the Effects of Movement Momentum

The STATA dataset that supports the findings of this study is publicly available from the Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/JYM19E

Error Correction in Native-Nonnative Conversation

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation into how native speakers (NSs) of English in social settings correct the errors committed by their friends who are nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English. While there are a number of studies which describe error correction in the second/foreign language classroom (e.g., Allwright 1975; Fanselow 1977; Holley and King 1971), little is known about what NSs do when their NNS friends commit errors. Gaskill (1980) studied sample conversations of one NNS with several NSs. He concluded that when, and if, NS correction occurs, it is usually modulated in form to show NS uncertainty. However, as Cathcart and Olsen (1976) noted, personalities involved in the interaction affect the amount and type of correction supplied. Since Gaskill had only one NNS as his source of data, his results may not be representative. The NSs in our data used two strategies tocorrect NNS errors: on-record corrections off-record corrections. After describing the subjects and the methods used in collecting the data, we discuss in detail these two strategies. We also present, by way of contrast, several noncorrective discourse strategies which NSs used in order to clear up conversational difficulties. A model of error correction is proposed, which shows that most NS error corrections were given at transition points and not as interruptions. The paper concludes with implications of the results for the classroom and with suggestions for future research

Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Py-Im Polyamides

Microwave synthesis was utilized to rapidly build Py-Im polyamides in high yields and purity using Boc-protection chemistry on Kaiser oxime resin. A representative polyamide targeting the 5′-WGWWCW-3′ (W = A or T) subset of the consensus Androgen and Glucocorticoid Response Elements was synthesized in 56% yield after 20 linear steps and HPLC purification. It was confirmed by Mosher amide derivatization of the polyamide that a chiral α-amino acid does not racemize after several additional coupling steps

Maintenance of quantitative genetic variance in complex, multitrait phenotypes:the contribution of rare, large effect variants in 2 Drosophila species

The interaction of evolutionary processes to determine quantitative genetic variation has implications for contemporary and future phenotypic evolution, as well as for our ability to detect causal genetic variants. While theoretical studies have provided robust predictions to discriminate among competing models, empirical assessment of these has been limited. In particular, theory highlights the importance of pleiotropy in resolving observations of selection and mutation, but empirical investigations have typically been limited to few traits. Here, we applied high-dimensional Bayesian Sparse Factor Genetic modeling to gene expression datasets in 2 species, Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila serrata, to explore the distributions of genetic variance across high-dimensional phenotypic space. Surprisingly, most of the heritable trait covariation was due to few lines (genotypes) with extreme [>3 interquartile ranges (IQR) from the median] values. Intriguingly, while genotypes extreme for a multivariate factor also tended to have a higher proportion of individual traits that were extreme, we also observed genotypes that were extreme for multivariate factors but not for any individual trait. We observed other consistent differences between heritable multivariate factors with outlier lines vs those factors without extreme values, including differences in gene functions. We use these observations to identify further data required to advance our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics and nature of standing genetic variation for quantitative traits