The summertime Boreal forest field measurement intensive (HUMPPA-COPEC-2010): an overview of meteorological and chemical influences

This paper describes the background, instrumentation, goals, and the regional influences on the HUMPPA-COPEC intensive field measurement campaign, conducted at the Boreal forest research station SMEAR II (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relation) in Hyytiälä, Finland from 12 July–12 August 2010. The prevailing meteorological conditions during the campaign are examined and contrasted with those of the past six years. Back trajectory analyses show that meteorological conditions at the site in 2010 were characterized by a higher proportion of southerly flow than in the other years studied. As a result the summer of 2010 was anomalously warm and high in ozone making the campaign relevant for the analysis of possible future climates. A comprehensive land use analysis, provided on both 5 and 50 km scales, shows that the main vegetation types surrounding the site on both the regional and local scales are: coniferous forest (Scots pine and/or Norway spruce); mixed forest (Birch and conifers); and woodland scrub (e.g. Willows, Aspen); indicating that the campaign results can be taken as representative of the Boreal forest ecosystem. In addition to the influence of biogenic emissions, the measurement site was occasionally impacted by sources other than vegetation. Specific tracers have been used here to identify the time periods when such sources have impacted the site namely: biomass burning (acetonitrile and CO), urban anthropogenic pollution (pentane and SO<sub>2</sub>) and the nearby Korkeakoski sawmill (enantiomeric ratio of chiral monoterpenes). None of these sources dominated the study period, allowing the Boreal forest summertime emissions to be assessed and contrasted with various other source signatures

Galerkin Meshless Formulations for 3D Beam Problems

The main idea of meshless methods is to approximate the unknown field by a linear combination of shape functions built without having recourse to a mesh of the domain. The computational domain is discretized using a set of scattered nodes. The shape functions associated with a given node is then built considering the weight functions whose support overlaps the one of the weight function of this node; thus, there is actually no need to establish connectivities between the different nodes as in the finite element method. Monte-Carlo integration techniques are promising schemes in the context of meshless techniques. The purpose of the present paper is to implement in EFG a new body integration technique for the evaluation of the stiffness matrix that does not rely on a partition of the domain into cells, but rather points. Numerical examples based on three-dimensional elasticity problems are presented to examine the accuracy and convergence of the proposed method. In this context, Quasi-Monte Carlo integration techniques are used. The results are compared to traditional EFG. Conclusions are drawn concerning the proposed techniques and its capabilities

The Use of Double-acting Cylinders in Electro-hydraulic Circuit

The paper presents aspects related use of double-acting cylinder. Besides, in the article are presented three hydraulic schemes that double acting cylinder. Meaning, two hydraulic circuits and one electro-hydraulic circuits. First hydraulic schemes has the following devices: fixed displacement pump, air filter, 4/3 way hand lever valve, tanks reservoir, filter and double acting cylinder (Cyli 1-1). However, second hydraulic scheme has the following devices: fixed displacement pump, 4/3 way hand lever valve, check valves, valve office and two double acting cylinders (Cyli 2-1 and Cyli 2-2). Forward, the electro-hydraulic circuit has the following devices: tanks, throttle check valves, 5/2 way hand lever valve, fixed displacement pump, lamp, relays, relay with switch-on delay, valve solenoid and double acting cylinder (Cyli 3-1). The design and simulation of the all three circuits from this article is done FluidSim software from Festo