Phenotypic and molecular evaluation of maize (Zea may L.) genotypes under field conditions in the Volta region of Ghana

Maize streak disease (MSD) is the most devastating and destructive disease of maize (Zea mays L.) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Field trials were conducted in the 2014 minor and 2015 major cropping seasons to screen 16 and 17 maize genotypes, respectively, for high yield and resistance to maize streak virus (MSV) infections. The plants were scored for disease severity at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after planting (WAP) based on a 1-5 visual scale (1= No infection and 5= Very severe infection). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was done to detect the presence of MSV in the diseased leaf samples in order to confirm field resistance. Both phenotypic and PCR test revealed that all the maize genotypes tested in the study were infected by MSV. There was a significant varietal effect on the incidence and severity of MSD in both the major and minor seasonal trials. Genotypes ‘Abontem’,’Aburohemaa’, ‘Akposoe’, ‘Dapango’, ‘Dorke’, ‘Etubi’, ‘Honampa’, ‘Mamaba’, ‘Obatanpa’, ‘Omankwa’ and PAN 12 showed mild disease symptoms during both major and minor cropping seasons. On the other hand, genotypes ‘Dormabin’, ‘Dzinu-Eve’, ‘Enibi’, Keta 60 and PAN 53 exhibited moderate to severe symptoms during the two cropping seasons. Incidence and severity of MSD were significantly higher in the minor season than in the major season, indicating a significant seasonal effect of MSV on the maize genotypes. The yield and yield components were observed to vary significantly among the different maize genotypes and between the cropping seasons with mean yields significantly higher in the major season than in the minor season. Genotypes ‘Abontem’, ‘Aburohemaa’, ‘Akposoe’, ‘Dorke’, ‘Etubi’, ‘Honampa’, ‘Omankwa’, ‘Obatanpa’ and PAN 12 (All improved varieties), which exhibited partial resistance to MSV infection gave high seed yields during both seasons. The improved maize genotypes that were high yielding and resistant to MSV infection should be evaluated for uniform yield trials on farmers’ fields towards their release as varieties to farmers

Storage rot of seed yam resulting from speargrass injuries

Postharvest rot due to injury is a major contributing factor to the declining quality of stored seed yams ( Dioscorea spp.). Among the several known injuries, the piercing effect of speargrass rhizomes has become a serious constraint for yam production in Ghana. The objective of this study was to assess injuries on seed yams resulting from piercing of speargrass rhizomes and their effects on postharvest rots in Ghana. Eighty farmer fields from Mem, Watro, Asanteboa and Abour in the Atebubu-Amantin Municipal in the Bono East Region of Ghana were screened for speargrass incidence and injury on harvested tubers, for laboratory analysis of pathogens in 2016 and 2017. The tubers were sorted into four categories of seed yam based on weight. Thirty seed yams each of two selected white yam cultivars (Dente and Kpamyo) with visible speargrass rhizome-pierced-tubers (VSRPT) and non-speargrass rhizome pierced healthy tubers (NSRPHT) were randomly selected and stored in a ban for weekly assessment of rot. The rotten tissues from the localised area of VPSRT were subjected to pathological investigations in the laboratory. The incidence of injury seemingly increased with increasing tuber weight. It was 0% for < 100 g samples and averagely 14% for > 1 kg samples, irrespective of cultivars and locations. Incidence of rot from NSRPHT sample was observed 5 weeks after storage (WAS) for both cultivars; and 2 WAS from the VSRPT sample and 40% higher than NSRPHT at 8 WAS. Eight and six known rot pathogens were isolated from the rotten tissues of VSRPT of Dente and Kpamyo, respectively. Injury from the piercing of speargrass rhizome significantly contributed to hastening of tuber rots; while tuber injury increased with increasing speargrass density. Appropriate management of speargrass is essential for commercial seed yam growers to reduce tuber damage which affects yam quality, storage and marketing.La pourriture post-r\ue9colte due \ue0 une d\ue9chirure est un facteur majeur contribuant \ue0 la baisse de la qualit\ue9 des ignames des semences stock\ue9es ( Dioscorea spp.). Parmi les nombreuses d\ue9chirures connues, l\u2019effet per\ue7ant des rhizomes de la gerbe d\u2019herbe est devenu une contrainte s\ue9rieuse pour la production d\u2019igname au Ghana. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9valuer les d\ue9chirures sur les ignames de semence r\ue9sultant du per\ue7age des rhizomes de gerbe d\u2019herbe et leurs effets sur les pourritures post-r\ue9colte au Ghana. Quatre-vingts champs d\u2019agriculteurs de Mem, Watro, Asanteboa et Abour dans la municipalit\ue9 d\u2019Atebubu-Amantin dans la region de l\u2018 Est de Bono au Ghana ont \ue9t\ue9 examin\ue9s pour d\ue9terminer l\u2019incidence et les dommages de la gerbe d\u2019herbe sur les tubercules r\ue9colt\ue9s, pour une analyse en laboratoire des agents pathog\ue8nes en 2016 et 2017. Les tubercules ont \ue9t\ue9 tri\ue9s en quatre cat\ue9gories d\u2019igname de semence en fonction du poids. Trente ignames de semence de chacun des deux cultivars s\ue9lectionn\ue9s d\u2019igname blanche (Dente et Kpamyo) avec des tubercules perc\ue9s de rhizome de gerbe d\u2019herbe (VSRPT) et des tubercules sains perc\ue9s de rhizome non- gerbe d\u2019herbe (NSRPHT) ont \ue9t\ue9 s\ue9lectionn\ue9s au hasard et stock\ue9s dans une interdiction pour une \ue9valuation hebdomadaire de la pourriture . Les tissus pourris de la zone localis\ue9e de VPSRT ont \ue9t\ue9 soumis \ue0 des investigations pathologiques en laboratoire. L\u2019incidence des d\ue9chirures a apparemment augment\ue9 avec l\u2019augmentation du poids des tubercules. Il \ue9tait de 0% pour les \ue9chantillons <100 g et de 14% en moyenne pour les \ue9chantillons > 1 kg, quels que soient les cultivars et les emplacements. L\u2019incidence de pourriture de l\u2019\ue9chantillon NSRPHT a \ue9t\ue9 observ\ue9e 5 semaines apr\ue8s stockage (WAS) pour les deux cultivars; et 2 WAS de l\u2019\ue9chantillon VSRPT et 40% plus \ue9lev\ue9s que NSRPHT \ue0 8 WAS. Huit et six agents pathog\ue8nes de la pourriture connus ont \ue9t\ue9 isol\ue9s respectivement dans les tissus pourris du VSRPT de Dente et de Kpamyo. Les d\ue9chirures caus\ue9es par le per\ue7age du rhizome de gerbe d\u2019herbe ont consid\ue9rablement contribu\ue9 \ue0 acc\ue9l\ue9rer la pourriture des tubercules; tandis que les dommages aux tubercules augmentaient avec l\u2019augmentation de la densit\ue9 de la gerbe d\u2019herbe. Une gestion appropri\ue9e de la groseille verte est essentielle pour les producteurs commerciaux d\u2019ignames de semence afin de r\ue9duire les dommages aux tubercules qui affectent la qualit\ue9, le stockage et la commercialisation des ignames

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Influence of Fertilizer Application on Postharvest Storage of Two White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Cultivars in Ghana

Yam growers across major growing areas are being encouraged to increase tuber yield through the application of fertilizer at the recommended rates and periods. Ghana, the leading exporter of yam in Africa, is currently facing the problem of poor tuber storability. Some actors along the food value chain attribute most storage rots to the application of fertilizer by farmers. This study was conducted to investigate in to the claim that fertilizer application has an effect on the shelf life of white yam tubers. Four fertilizer application models were tested on two white yam cultivars, Serwa and TDr95/19177. No fertilizer application served as the control experiment. Healthy- looking white yam tubers of the two cultivars were randomly selected from a fertilizer application trial at Ejura-Sekyedumasi District in Ashanti Region of Ghana and storage rot experiment conducted at CSIR-CRI(onstation) between January and July, 2015.The experimental design was a Split plot design with three replications. The main plot represented the two cultivars whilst the sub-plot was the fertilizer models. Initial parameters taken were tuber weight, yield and moisture content. Temperature and relative humidity were periodically recorded. Rot assessment were done at 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th months of storage. Rot analysis parameters taken were tuber weight, number of rotten tubers, rot initiation point, rot type and associated pathogens. Percent incidence and severity were determined and used for the analysis and interpretations. Severity data was subjected to statistical analysis using the Genstat statistical package 9.2, after the results was transformed using the square root transformation. Major fungi identified from rotten tissues over the period were Lasiodiplodia the obromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicilliumsp., Rhizopussp., Aspergillus flavus. Fifty-four percent of rotten tubers were the dry rot type. There were similarities in the incidence of rot among all treatments. There was no significant difference in terms of rot severity among the fertilizer application models as well as the control. However, varietal differences and tuber sizes were key factors identified as having effect on storage rots. Further studies on commercial white yam varieties such as Pona and Dente need to be conducted to evaluate the influence of fertilizer application on their shelf lives. .Key words: fertilizer application, storage rots, white yams and shelf life. Influence de l'application d'engrais sur le stockage post-récolte de deux variétés d'igname blanche (Dioscorea rotundata) au GhanaLes producteurs d'igname dans les principales zones de culture sont encouragés à augmenter le rendement des tubercules par l'application déngrais aux taux et périodes recommandés. Le Ghana, qui est le premier exportateur d'igname en Afrique, est actuellement menacé par une faible capacité de stockage des tubercules. Certains acteurs de la chaîne de valeur alimentaire attribuent la plupart des pourritures de stockage à l'application d'engrais par les agriculteurs. Cette étude a été menée pour étudier l'allégation selon laquelle l'application d'engrais a un effet sur la durée de conservation des tubercules d'igname blanc. Quatre modèles d'application d'engrais ont été testés sur deux cultivars d'igname blanche, Serwa et TDr95 / 19177. Aucune application d'engrais n'a servi d'expérience de contrôle. Des tubercules d'igname blanche d'apparence saine des deux cultivars ont été choisis au hasard dans un essai d'application d'engrais dans le quartier d'Ejura-Sekyedumasi dans la région d'Ashanti au Ghana et une expérience de pourriture du stockage a été effectuée à CSIR-CRI (en-station) entre janvier et juillet 2015. La conception expérimentale était une conception de parcelle avec trois répétitions. La parcelle principale représentait les deux cultivars tandis que la sous-parcelle était les modèles d'engrais. Les paramètres initiaux ont été le poids du tubercule, le rendement et la teneur en humidité. La température et l'humidité relative ont été enregistrées périodiquement. L'évaluation de la pourriture a été effectuée aux 3e, 4e, 5e et 6e mois d'entreposage. Les paramètres d'analyse de la pourriture mesurés étaient le poids des tubercules, le nombre de tubercules pourris, le point d'initiation de la pourriture, le type de pourriture et les pathogènes associés. L'incidence et la gravité en pourcentage ont été déterminées et utilisées pour l'analyse et les interprétations. Les données de sévérité ont été soumises à une analyse statistique en utilisant le progiciel statistique Genstat 9.2, après transformation des résultats en utilisant la transformation de la racine carrée. Les principaux champignons identifiés à partir des tissus pourris au cours de la période étaient: Lasiodiplodia l'obromae, Fusariumoxysporum, Penicilliumsp., Rhizopussp., Aspergillusflavusetc. Environ 54% des tubercules pourris étaient des type pourriture sèche. Il y avait des similitudes dans l'incidence de la pourriture parmi tous les traitements. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative en termes de sévérité de pourriture parmi les modèles d'application d'engrais ainsi que le contrôle à P <0,05. Cependant, les différences variétales et la taille des tubercules étaient des facteurs clés identifiés comme ayant un effet sur les pourritures de stockage. D'autres études sur des variétés commerciales d'ignames blanches telles que Pona et Dente doivent être menées pour évaluer l'influence de l'application d'engrais sur leurs durée de conservation.Mots clés: application d'engrais, pourritures de stockage, ignames blanches et durée d

NT-proBNP Levels and Cardiopulmonary Function in Children with Sickle Cell Disease.

Patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) are living longer and subsequently more apt to develop cardiopulmonary dysfunction. NT-proBNP levels have been used in adults with SCD to assess for pulmonary hypertension and mortality. While the incidence of PH is low in pediatrics, it is reasonable to presume that NT-proBNP levels can be used to assess risk for the development of cardiopulmonary morbidity. We hypothesized that NT-proBNP levels would be increased in patients with SCD compared to age-adjusted healthy children; additionally, these levels would be associated with labs indicative of hemolysis and would demonstrate evidence of obstructive lung disease and cardiac dysfunction. We retrospectively evaluated patients with SCD, 8-18 years old, at a large, tertiary care children\u27s hospital. NT-proBNP levels were assessed in correlation with hemolytic lab work, spirometry, and echocardiographic data. The age group 8-14 years old, 75% of our cohort\u27s population, had a median NT-proBNP of 70pg/mL, greater than their age-adjusted counterparts (52pg/mL). NT-proBNP levels were associated with an increased degree of hemolysis when compared with hemoglobin (Hb) [r = -0.43, p \u3c 0.0001], reticulocyte count [r = 0.25, p = 0.01] and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels [r = 0.47, p \u3c 0.0001]. An inverse trend was found between NT-proBNP and spirometric data. Lastly, a positive correlation was found between NT-proBNP and diastolic left ventricular size [r = 0.28, p = 0.047]. The correlations found suggest that NT-proBNP may be used prospectively to identify patients with SCD at increased risk for the development of cardiopulmonary dysfunction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Structural Investigations and Binding Mechanisms of Oseltamivir Drug Resistance Conferred by the E119V Mutation in Influenza H7N9 Virus

The use of vaccinations and antiviral medications have gained popularity in the therapeutic management of avian influenza H7N9 virus lately. Antiviral medicines are more popular due to being readily available. The presence of the neuraminidase protein in the avian influenza H7N9 virus and its critical role in the cleavage of sialic acid have made it a target drug in the development of influenza virus drugs. Generally, the neuraminidase proteins have common conserved amino acid residues and any mutation that occurs around or within these conserved residues affects the susceptibility and replicability of the influenza H7N9 virus. Herein, we investigated the interatomic and intermolecular dynamic impacts of the experimentally reported E119V mutation on the oseltamivir resistance of the influenza H7N9 virus. We extensively employed molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and subsequent post-MD analyses to investigate the binding mechanisms of oseltamivir-neuraminidase wildtype and E119V mutant complexes. The results revealed that the oseltamivir-wildtype complex was more thermodynamically stable than the oseltamivir-E119V mutant complex. Oseltamivir exhibited a greater binding affinity for wildtype (−15.46 ± 0.23 kcal/mol) relative to the E119V mutant (−11.72 ± 0.21 kcal/mol). The decrease in binding affinity (−3.74 kcal/mol) was consistent with RMSD, RMSF, SASA, PCA, and hydrogen bonding profiles, confirming that the E119V mutation conferred lower conformational stability and weaker protein–ligand interactions. The findings of this oseltamivir-E119V mutation may further assist in the design of compounds to overcome E119V mutation in the treatment of influenza H7N9 virus patients

Analyzing combining abilities and heterotic groups among Ghanaian maize landraces for yield and resistance/ tolerance to Maize Streak Virus Disease

Maize is an important cereal crop in Ghana. Yields in farmer fields have always been low because of over relianceon unimproved local landraces for cultivation. This study was conducted to determine if the productivity of theselandraces can be improved by developing hybrid varieties that combine high yield and resistance to the MaizeStreak Virus Disease (MSVD). Seventeen local landrace populations were assembled and then crossed with 5exotic inbred lines (CML202, CML442, CML444, TZEI 23 and TZEI17). A crossing block using the North CarolinaDesign II was used to generate F1 top-cross hybrids which were evaluated in multi-locational trials for two years.GCA, SCA and heterosis were estimated and heterotic groups assigned to the landraces. This study was able toidentify high heterosis among some of the top-cross hybrids and assigned some of the landraces into heteroticgroups. Highly significant GCA and SCA effects were identified which implies MSVD incidence/resistance as wellas yield related traits can be improved. CML442, CML444 and TZEI17 contributed positively to yield increasesas well as improved tolerance/resistance to MSVD. Landraces LA3, LA80, LA76, and LA457 displayed highly significantSCA effects for yield, which suggests dominance and epistatic gene action. The high yielding hybridsidentified show that some inbred lines and landraces combinations can contribute to significantly raise farmers’yields and improve resistance/tolerance to MSVD in Ghanaian environments