On the Cognition of States of Affairs

The theory of speech acts put forward by Adolf Reinach in his "The A Priori Foundations of the Civil Law" of 1913 rests on a systematic account of the ontological structures associated with various different sorts of language use. One of the most original features of Reinach's account lies in hIs demonstration of how the ontological structure of, say, an action of promising or of commanding, may be modified in different ways, yielding different sorts of non-standard instances of the corresponding speech act varieties. The present paper is an attempt to apply this idea of standard and modified instances of ontological structures to the realm of judgement and cognition, and thereby to develop a Reinachian theory of how intentionality is mediated through language in acts of thinking and speaking

The effect of crack length and maximum stress on the fatigue crack growth rates of engineering alloys

The fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) curve of metallic alloys is usually divided into three regions. Region II is often referred to as the Paris regime and is usually modelled with a power law relationship with a single exponent. Regions I and III are located at the beginning and end of the FCGR curve, respectively, and are frequently modelled with asymptotic relationships. In this paper we hypothesize that fatigue crack growth is governed by power law behaviour at all crack lengths and all stress intensity factor ranges (ΔK). To accommodate for the changes in the FCGR slope at regions I - III mathematical pivot points are introduced in the Paris equation. Power law behaviour with the presence of pivot points enables direct fitting of the crack length vs. cycles (a-N) curve to obtain the FCGR as a function of ΔK. This novel approach is applicable to small and long crack growth curves and results in accurate multilinear FCGR curves that are suitable for reconstruction of the measured a-N curves. The method is subsequently applied to i) different alloys to show local changes in the FCGR curve for changes in alloy composition and heat treatments, ii) naturally increasing ΔK testing of microstructurally small cracks to obtain accurate small crack FCGR data. The comparison with accurate long crack data shows that small cracks are faster, but the transition from region I to region II occurs at a specific fatigue crack growth rate which results in an apparent shift in ΔK at the transition. iii) Long cracks, which show that the FCGR increases with maximum stress for a given ΔK and stress ratio when the maximum stress approaches the yield stress. The maximum stress phenomenon becomes important in the case of fatigue testing, where the initial crack lengths are usually small and maximum stresses are high. It is concluded that for long cracks the phenomenon explains why the Paris equation is applicable rather at low maximum stress, while the Frost-Dugdale equation is more applicable at high maximum stress

Implementation of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin: Challenges From the International Experience.

ObjectiveImplementation of the newly approved high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) in the United States presents a challenge for clinical practice. Sex-specific cutoffs, clinical protocols, and workflows will likely require modifications before implementation.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of international physicians and laboratorians already utilizing hs-cTn for the evaluation of acute myocardial infarction.ResultsTwenty-two of 54 (41%) eligible participants completed the survey, representing 9 countries and 18 hospitals. All reported successful hs-cTn implementation and diagnostic utility (mean 8.6 + 1.2 out of 10 for best implementation). The major perceived benefit was more rapid evaluation of acute myocardial infarction (14/19, 74%), and the most frequently cited limitation was an increase in the number of measurable hs-cTn values that required further evaluation (8/18, 44%). Institutions using the hs-cTnI assay favored sex-specific cutoffs (5/6, 83%), whereas institutions employing the hs-cTnT assay favored a combined cutoff (12/12, 100%). Timing of serial hs-cTn measurements varied, with 0-3 hours (8/17, 47%) most frequent, followed by 0-2 hours (4/17, 24%), 0-1 hour (3/17, 18%), and other (2/17, 12%).ConclusionsOur survey of hs-cTn implementation at international institutions reveals satisfaction with new assays but reflects important variations in clinical practice. The use of sex-specific vs. combined cutoffs and timing of serial hs-cTn measurements varies across institutions and are subjects that United States centers must define without consensus from international practices

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with opiate withdrawal

DIT SCI 1105 Operating Syste

The orbit space of groupoids whose C∗C^*-algebras are GCR

Let $G$ be second countable locally compact Hausdorff groupoid with a continuous Haar system. We remove the assumption of amenability in a theorem by Clark about GCR groupoid $C^*$-algebras. We show that if the groupoid $C^*$-algebra of $G$ is GCR then the orbits of $G$ are locally closed.Comment: 1

67/08/31 Brief for the N.A.A.C.P Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., as Amicus Curiae

The Court should hold that neither stops nor frisks may be made without probable cause. In each of these cases, the judgment of conviction should be reversed -- conclusion, p. 69

Psychiatric Disorders in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department for Minor Injury

BACKGROUND: Thirty-five percent of all Emergency Department (ED) visits are for physical injury. OBJECTIVES: To examine the proportion of patients presenting to an ED for physical injury with a history of or current Axis I/II psychiatric disorders and to compare patients with a positive psychiatric history, a negative psychiatric history, and a current psychiatric disorder. METHODS: A total of 275 individuals were selected randomly from adults presenting to the ED with a documented anatomic injury but with normal physiology. Exclusion criteria were: injury in the previous 2 years or from medical illness or domestic violence; or reported treatment for major depression or psychoses. Psychiatric history and current disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), a structured psychiatric interview. Three groups (positive psychiatric history, negative psychiatric history, current psychiatric disorder) were compared using Chi-square and analysis of variance. RESULTS: The sample was composed of men (51.6%) and women (48.4%), with 57.1% Black and 39.6% White. Out of this sample, 103 patients (44.7%) met DSM-IV criteria for a positive psychiatric history (n = 80) or a current psychiatric disorder (n = 43). A past history of depression (24%)exceeded the frequency of a history of other disorders (anxiety, 6%; alcohol use/abuse, 14%; drug use/abuse, 15%; adjustment, 23%; conduct disorders, 14%). Current mood disorders (47%) also exceeded other current diagnoses (anxiety, 9%; alcohol, 16%; drug, 7%; adjustment, 7%; personality disorders, 12%). Those with a current diagnosis were more likely to be unemployed (p CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric comorbid disorders or a positive psychiatric history was found frequently in individuals with minor injury. An unplanned contact with the healthcare system (specifically an ED) for treatment of physical injury offers an opportunity for nurses to identify patients with psychiatric morbidity and to refer patients for appropriate therapy

The Effect of Post-injury Depression on Return to Pre-injury Function: a Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: Millions of people seek emergency department (ED) care for injuries each year, the majority for minor injuries. Little is known about the effect of psychiatric co-morbid disorders that emerge after minor injury on functional recovery. This study examined the effect of post-injury depression on return to pre-injury levels of function. METHOD: This was a longitudinal cohort study with follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months post-injury: 275 adults were randomly selected from those presenting to the ED with minor injury; 248 were retained over the post-injury year. Function was measured with the Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ). Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR disorders (SCID). RESULTS: During the post-injury year, 18.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.3-22.9] were diagnosed with depression. Adjusting for clinical and demographic covariates, the depressed group was less likely to return to pre-injury levels of activities of daily living [odds ratio (OR) 8.37, 95% CI 3.78-18.53] and instrumental activities of daily living (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.44-7.31), less likely to return to pre-injury work status (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.04-5.38), and more likely to spend days in bed because of health (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.15-5.07). CONCLUSIONS: Depression was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis in the year after minor injury requiring emergency care. Individuals with depression did not return to pre-injury levels of function during the post-injury year