Evolution of Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Profile during Cold Pre-fermentative Maceration and Subsequent Fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon Red Wine

The phenolic compound profile and content of red wines are modified during the maceration-fermentation process by several factors that alter the extractability of the compounds and by reactions that phenolic compounds undergo, and can be directly related to the quality of the final wine and its beneficial effects on the consumer. The aim of this study was to determine the change in phenolic content and profile during cold pre-fermentative maceration and fermentation without the removal of grape pomace. Total phenolics,flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins and antioxidant capacity were determined by spectrophotometric methods, and the phenolic profile was determined by HPLC-MS on each day of the maceration-fermentation process. The results showed a variation in the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity over time, but the final phenolic content showed no significative difference compared with the initial content (1 268 mg GAE/L and 1 115 mg GAE/L respectively). The phenolic profile showed that flavonoids were theprincipal compounds in wine and that they increased at the end of the winemaking. Condensed tannins also increased during fermentation, while anthocyanins and some phenolic acids decreased at the end of the process. The final content of phenolic compounds was similar to the initial one, but there was a change in the different fractions of phenolic compounds at the end of fermentation

Mudanças nos compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de pimentas da região amazônica.

A Embrapa Amazônia Oriental possui um Banco Ativo de Pimenteira com diferentes genótipos do gênero Capsicum, os quais ainda não foram analisados, quanto às suas características funcionais e capacidade antioxidante. Este estudo objetivou determinar os teores de ácido ascórbico, compostos fenólicos, carotenoides totais e a atividade antioxidante total, em frutos imaturos e maduros de genótipos de pimentas Capsicum spp. As concentrações de vitamina C (100,76-361,65 mg 100 g-1 nos frutos imaturos e 36,70-157,76 mg 100 g-1 nos maduros) decresceram com a maturação dos frutos. Carotenoides totais não foram detectados nos frutos imaturos, porém, nos frutos maduros, observaram-se valores de 73,80-1349,97 mg g-1, em função do genótipo. Os teores de compostos fenólicos aumentaram nos frutos maduros (147,40-718,64 mg GAE 100 g-1), para oito dos nove genótipos avaliados. Os frutos de pimenteira apresentaram significativa atividade antioxidante (55,02-92,03 mM trolox g-1 nos frutos imaturos e 39,60-113,08 mM trolox g- 1 nos maduros). Concluiu-se que o grau de maturação dos frutos influenciou nos teores de compostos bioativos dos genótipos estudados. Destacaram-se, como genótipos promissores com potencial para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento genético, IAN-186301 e IAN-186324, pelos altos teores de carotenoides totais; IAN-186301, IAN-186311, IAN-186312 e IAN-186313, com relação às altas concentrações de ácido ascórbico; IAN-186304 e IAN-186311, pelos altos teores de compostos fenólicos; e IAN-186311, para atividade antioxidante

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Use of hen egg derived immunoglobulin against scolopendra (Scolopendra gigantea) venom

Las picaduras de escolopendra (Scolopendra gigantea) en seres humanos y animales domésticos representan un accidente agudo y muy doloroso. La necrosis y otros daños ocacionados por este veneno pueden ser prevenidos, si se inyecta un antiveneno. Este estudio propone producir anticuerpos policlonales en gallinas hiper-inmunizadas contra el veneno de escolopendra (Scolopendra gigantea Linneaus 1758). Un grupo de gallinas fue inyectado subcutánea e intramuscularmente con diluciones de venenos, de acuerdo con tres rutinas diferentes. Los huevos fueron recogidos diariamente y los anticuerpos en la yema fueron calculados con prueba de precipitación de gel agar y pruebas de protección (ED50). Los huevos cosechados 15 días post-inyección tenían los títulos más altos de anticuerpos. Después de seis meses, los anticuerpos liofilizafos y guardados a 5ºC mantenían su actividad. Ratones envenenados, inyectados posteriormente con anticuerpos purificados, tuvieron un 100% de supervivencia al compararse con los controles. La limpieza, la eficacia y la sencillez de producir los antivenenos en gallinas, y la incapacidad de estos anticuerpos (lgY) para fijarse al complemento humano, formulan una alternativa interesante a otros antivenenos producidos en mamíferos. Este estudio puntualiza que los anticuerpos de huevo de gallina pueden ser provechosos como un instrumento terapéutico para tratar escolopendrismo en seres humanos y animales domésticos. Además, abre un campo terapéutico para la fabricación de otros antivenenos contra el espectro amplio de las toxinas y como probable herramienta de diagnóstico.385-392rodriguezacosta1946@ yahoo.esA scolopendra sting in humans and domestic animals is an acute and highly painful accident. The present study was an attempt to raise specific hyper-immune polyclonal antibodies against scolopendra centipede (Scolopendra gigantea Linneaus 1758) venom. A group of hens were injected with venoms subcutaneously and intramuscularly according to three different routines. This protocol was found to be effecttive for hyperimmunization. Eggs were gathered daily and antibodies were purified from yolk with a polyethylene-glycol and chloroform modified method. Titers of antibodies in yolk were estimated with an agar gel precipitation test, and a serum protection (ED50) test. Eggs harvestd at 15 days post-injection had maximum antibody titers. After six months, antibodies lyophilized and stores at 5ºC still maintained their activity. Envenomed mice were injected with purified antibodies, which induced 100% recovery as compared to those not treated with the antibodies. The cleanliness, effectiveness, and simplicity of producing antibodies against scolopendra venom in avian egg yolk, and their incapability to attach human complement, formulates an interesting option to equine and other mammalian antivenoms. This study infers that avian egg yolk antibodies may be useful as a therapeutic tool in treating scolopendrism in humans and domestic animals. It also opens a field for the production of other antivenoms against the wide spectrum of toxins as well as the use of these antibodies as a diagnostic tool

Controlled release of antifungal volatiles of thyme essential oil from ?-cyclodextrin capsules

Thyme essential oil (TO) is a good antimicrobial agent, however, its high volatility and reactivity limits its application as food preservative. ?-cyclodextrin (?-CD) is able to encapsulate organic molecules, forming host-guest complexes with hydrophobic and volatile molecules such as TO constituents, controlling volatility and reactivity. In addition, controlled released of the ?-CD trapped compounds could be possible by exposing the capsules to high relative humidity (RH). With this in mind, the controlled release of antifungal volatiles throughout exposure of TO:?-CD capsules to high relative humidity was studied. Thymol (TOL) was the major constituent of TO, detected by gas chromatography before and after encapsulation. Capsules of the 8:92 ratio (TO:?-CD) showed the highest TOL content. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were detected between the oil constituent and ?-CD by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. During moisture sorption, the TO capsules showed a lower water uptake compared with free ?-CD. Similar behavior was observed during water desorption. In all cases, a hysteresis process was observed when comparing sorption and desorption isotherms. At high RH, TOL is displaced and almost 76% is released to the headspace. The growth of Alternaria alternata was inhibited significantly by the addition and exposure to TO:?-CD as measured by both the agar dilution and the headspace method, respectively. Therefore, the encapsulation of antifungal volatile compounds as TO in ?-CD, could be an alternative to control the release of natural antimicrobials that can be of interest to the agricultural area. � Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010