Growth and uptake of sodium and potassium in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) under salinity stress

Vicia faba L. (broad bean or faba bean), a food crop of worldwide importance, is moderately tolerant of saline conditions, such as are increasingly common in Mediterranean countries and in Turkey. Our objective was to determine the influence of two salinity levels [50 and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] and two potassium salts, potassium nitrate (KNO3) (N1 and N2) or potassium acetate (CH3COOK) (A1 and A2), on the development of seedlings of two cultivars of broad bean (cvs. Eresen 87 and Filiz 99) grown in pots of perlite under controlled greenhouse conditions. Flame photometer (FP) analysis of tissues from roots, stems, and leaves of 3-month-old seedlings showed significant differences in growth, internodal length, and potassium (K+)/sodium (Na+) ratios. The FP analyses revealed that Na+ was the ion most responsible for inhibition of growth parameters seen in both cultivars and salt treatments. K+ contents were consistently higher in cv. Filiz 99 than in cv. Eresen 87. Possible correlations between these data and the tolerance to salinity of these cultivars are discussed

CHARACTERIZATION OF CYLINDROCARPON-LIKE ANAMORPHS CAUSING ROOT AND BASAL ROT OF APRICOT AND IN VITRO ACTIVITIES OF SOME FUNGICIDES

Four apricot nurseries were surveyed in Hatay province in Turkey to evaluate the phytosanitary status of the nursery plant material. Endophytic and potential pathogenic fungi were identified in plants and 12 Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph isolates were detected in the root system and basal stems of analyzed rootstocks. Based on partial sequencing ITS, three different  Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species were identified as Dactylonectria torresensis (6 isolates), Dactylonectria novozelandica (3 isolates) and Neonectria candida (3 isolates). Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions which showed that all three Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species, were identified as pathogens. ADt12 (D. torresensis) isolate, obtained from the survey area, have been tested in vitro for its sensitivity to several fungicides (thiophanate-methyl (70%), fluazinam (500g/L), fludioxonil (230g/L), and boscalid (26.7%)+pyraclostrobin (6.7%)). It was determined that ADt12 isolate was highly sensitive to fludioxonil and fluazinam, and sensitive to thiophanate-methyl and boscalid+pyraclostrobin as a result of probit analysis of EC50 values

Spectra of massive QCD dirac operators from random matrix theory: All three chiral symmetry breaking patterns

The microscopic spectral eigenvalue correlations of QCD Dirac operators in the presence of dynamical fermions are calculated within the framework of Random Matrix Theory (RMT). Our approach treats the low-energy correlation functions of all three chiral symmetry breaking patterns (labeled by the Dyson index β = 1, 2 and 4) on the same footing, offering a unifying description of massive QCD Dirac spectra. RMT universality is explicitly proven for all three symmetry classes and the results are compared to the available lattice data for β = 4

Parametric level statistics in random matrix theory: Exact solution

An exact solution to the problem of parametric level statistics in non-Gaussian ensembles of N by N Hermitian random matrices with either soft or strong level confinement is formulated within the framework of the orthogonal polynomial technique. Being applied to random matrices with strong level confinement, the solution obtained leads to emergence of a new connection relation that makes a link between the parametric level statistics and the scalar two-point kernel in the thermodynamic limit.Comment: 4 pages (revtex

Random matrices and the replica method

Recent developments [Kamenev and Mezard, cond-mat/9901110, cond-mat/9903001; Yurkevich and Lerner, cond-mat/9903025; Zirnbauer, cond-mat/9903338] have revived a discussion about applicability of the replica approach to description of spectral fluctuations in the context of random matrix theory and beyond. The present paper, concentrating on invariant non-Gaussian random matrix ensembles with orthogonal, unitary and symplectic symmetries, aims to demonstrate that both the bosonic and the fermionic replicas are capable of reproducing nonperturbative fluctuation formulas for spectral correlation functions in entire energy scale, including the self-correlation of energy levels, provided no sigma-model mapping is used.Comment: 12 pages (latex), presentation clarified, misprints fixe

Microscopic universality with dynamical fermions

It has recently been demonstrated in quenched lattice simulations that the distribution of the low-lying eigenvalues of the QCD Dirac operator is universal and described by random-matrix theory. We present first evidence that this universality continues to hold in the presence of dynamical quarks. Data from a lattice simulation with gauge group SU(2) and dynamical staggered fermions are compared to the predictions of the chiral symplectic ensemble of random-matrix theory with massive dynamical quarks. Good agreement is found in this exploratory study. We also discuss implications of our results.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, minor modifications, to appear in Phys. Rev. D (Rapid Commun.

Smallest Dirac Eigenvalue Distribution from Random Matrix Theory

We derive the hole probability and the distribution of the smallest eigenvalue of chiral hermitian random matrices corresponding to Dirac operators coupled to massive quarks in QCD. They are expressed in terms of the QCD partition function in the mesoscopic regime. Their universality is explicitly related to that of the microscopic massive Bessel kernel.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, REVTeX. Minor typos in subscripts corrected. Version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Spectra of massive and massless QCD Dirac operators: A novel link

We show that integrable structure of chiral random matrix models incorporating global symmetries of QCD Dirac operators (labeled by the Dyson index beta=1,2, and 4) leads to emergence of a connection relation between the spectral statistics of massive and massless Dirac operators. This novel link established for beta-fold degenerate massive fermions is used to explicitly derive (and prove the random matrix universality of) statistics of low--lying eigenvalues of QCD Dirac operators in the presence of SU(2) massive fermions in the fundamental representation (beta=1) and SU(N_c >= 2) massive adjoint fermions (beta=4). Comparison with available lattice data for SU(2) dynamical staggered fermions reveals a good agreement

Universality in Chiral Random Matrix Theory at β=1\beta =1 and β=4\beta =4

In this paper the kernel for the spectral correlation functions of the invariant chiral random matrix ensembles with real ($\beta =1$) and quaternion real ($\beta = 4$) matrix elements is expressed in terms of the kernel of the corresponding complex Hermitean random matrix ensembles ($\beta=2$). Such identities are exact in case of a Gaussian probability distribution and, under certain smoothness assumptions, they are shown to be valid asymptotically for an arbitrary finite polynomial potential. They are proved by means of a construction proposed by Br\'ezin and Neuberger. Universal behavior at the hard edge of the spectrum for all three chiral ensembles then follows from microscopic universality for $\beta =2$ as shown by Akemann, Damgaard, Magnea and Nishigaki.Comment: 4 pages, modified discussion of edge contributions and corrected typo