Physicochemical and adsorption properties of some carbon materials in aqueous solutions

Water dispersions of carbon adsorbents-nanodiamonds of UD-DP and UD-HP-DP types, nanodiamond charge of UDB-A type, C-60 fullerene, nanotubes, and activated carbon-were studied. Some physicochemical properties of their surface (acidity and electrokinetic characteristics) were investigated, and the surface values of pK(a1) were calculated. The data on adsorption of iodine, malic acid, and cationic dyes onto these adsorbents from aqueous and 1 mol/L NaCl solutions were discussed and compared. The dyeadsorption data and the values of the zeta potential and suspension effect indicated a negatively charged surface of UDA-SP nanodiamond within a pH adsorption range from 5.5 to 8.0

Complex bog landscape model (COMBOLA) as an integrated tool for modeling of biotic turnover and peat deposit processes

Biotic cycling in ecosystems consists of live organic matter production and dead organic matter destruction. The latter is accompanied by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In peatland landscapes, additional conditions are imposed due to the presence of a water table depth (WTD), under which the destruction is anaerobic with methane generation, while above the WTD it is aerobic, and part of the diffusing methane is consumed by the methanotrophic bacteria. Hence, due to the complexity of heat and water transfer processes in the peat deposit and the nonlinearity of biological turnover, it is necessary to make a combination of their models. The COmplex Model of BOg LAndscapes (COMBOLA) is a set of dynamic models of carbon and nitrogen turnover, net ecosystem exchange, water balance, heat and water transport, generation and transfer of CO2 and CH4 in a peat deposit on annual, seasonal, and daily time scales. The main component includes a series of biotic turnover models – from a mass-balance equation on an annual time scale to a NEE dynamics model on a daily one. Biotic turnover can be represented by a single carbon cycle, a single nitrogen cycle or both. Another important component of the COMBOLA system is a one-dimensional vertical model of heat-water-gas exchange in a peat deposit. Thus, a number of interconnected modules constitute an integrated mathematical model of peatland landscapes adapted to any given initial information

Hydrometeorological dataset of West Siberian boreal peatland: a 10-year record from the Mukhrino field station

Northern peatlands represent one of the largest carbon pools in the biosphere, but the carbon they store is increasingly vulnerable to perturbations from climate and land-use change. Meteorological observations taken directly at peatland areas in Siberia are unique and rare, while peatlands are characterized by a specific local climate. This paper presents a hydrological and meteorological dataset collected at the Mukhrino peatland, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Russia, over the period of 8 May 2010 to 31 December 2019. Hydrometeorological data were collected from stations located at a small pine–shrub–Sphagnum ridge and Scheuchzeria–Sphagnum hollow at ridge–hollow complexes of ombrotrophic peatland. The monitored meteorological variables include air temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, incoming and reflected photosynthetically active radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux, precipitation (rain), and snow depth. A gap-filling procedure based on the Gaussian process regression model with an exponential kernel was developed to obtain continuous time series. For the record from 2010 to 2019, the average mean annual air temperature at the site was −1.0 ∘C, with the mean monthly temperature of the warmest month (July) recorded as 17.4 ∘C and for the coldest month (January) −21.5 ∘C. The average net radiation was about 35.0 W m−2, and the soil heat flux was 2.4 and 1.2 W m−2 for the hollow and the ridge sites, respectively. The presented data are freely available through Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323024, Dyukarev et al., 2020), last access: 15 December 2020) and can be used in coordination with other hydrological and meteorological datasets to examine the spatiotemporal effects of meteorological conditions on local hydrological responses across cold regions.</p

Корреляция технических решений и стоимости строительства ВСМ

For the English full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).ABSTRACT The article highlights the urgency and specificity of high-speed railways in Russia. The specifics of accounting for the cost of construction of HSR are indicated. The necessity of evaluating project solutions based on the technical and economic comparison of options is substantiated. Present and prospective technical solutions and technologies for construction of HSR are given, possibilities for further transition to the overpass method of their erection are considered. A comparative analysis of the estimated cost of construction of HSR-2 Moscow-Kazan and similar analogues, whose projects are implemented in international practice, are presented. The authors argue that the high-speed railway line Moscow- Kazan is unique, technically complex, the first in Russia infrastructure project of this level. Compliance with the requirements of the terms of reference, regulatory documents and the application of best practices of foreign countries have a determining effect on the estimated cost of construction. In comparison with the railways of the common network with train speeds of up to 200 km/h, the HSR-2 project significantly exceeds the share of the main construction sites (by more than 36 %). The presented data confirm that the cost of project solutions with the increase in the speed of trains by more than 200 km/h is interdependent from the increase in the requirements for safety and continuity of movement of high-speed railway transport. The editorial board reminds that all interpretation of facts and the conclusions lay exclusively in the sphere of authors’ responsibility. Keywords: railway, high-speed highway, construction, technical and economic comparison, cost of line, cost of technical solutions, roadbed, ballastless track superstructure, HSR in the world.Полный текст на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).В статье обозначены актуальность и специфика высокоскоростных железнодорожных магистралей в России. Указаны особенности учёта стоимости строительства ВСМ. Обоснована необходимость оценки проектных решений на основании технико-экономического сравнения вариантов. Приведены существующие и перспективные технические решения и технологии строительства ВСМ, рассмотрены возможности для дальнейшего перехода на эстакадный метод их возведения. Представлен сравнительный анализ сметной стоимости строительства ВСМ-2 Москва- Казань и близких по характеру объектов- аналогов, проекты которых реализованы в международной практике. Редакция напоминает, что вся интерпретация фактов и выводов относится исключительно к сфере ответственности авторов

Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective

The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addressed a need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgent research needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, was also indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda. These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a “PEEX region”. It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographical region is an area where science-based policy actions would have significant impacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the Russian Arctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themes introduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land–atmosphere–ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, the new results are in many cases insufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated, continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region as well as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven by climate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk Road Initiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate such analyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the near future, especially “the enhancing biological sequestration capacity of greenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change” and the “socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues”

Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): Towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land-Atmosphere-ocean-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region

The northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The Arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via albedo change, carbon sources and sinks as well as atmospheric aerosol production from biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that global trade activities, demographic movement, and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but also is able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX sets a research approach by which large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land-Atmosphere-Aquatic-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art for the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and present the future prospects of the research, which we see relevant in this context