The femoral artery and its branches in the baboon Papio anubis

The aim of the research was to examine the anatomy of the arterial system in the inguinal region, hip and thigh of Papio anubis. No description of this was found in the available scientific literature, although, at the same time, the baboon is considered to be a good animal model in biomedical research. Macroscopic anatomical research was carried out on 20 hind limbs (10 cadavers: 9 male and 1 female) of adult Papio anubis and the results were then compared with the anatomy of the arterial hind limb systems of other apes as described in the literature. The circulatory system of the whole body was filled with coloured latex via the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein, and traditional methods were then used to prepare the vessels. The arterial system in the hind extremity of Papio anubis was recorded. The anatomical names of human arteries were used as well as the names of those of apes as applied in the literature. The femoral artery was the only artery supplying the hind limb of Papio anubis. It started under the inguinal ligament as a continuation of the external iliac artery. It went down and divided into the popliteal artery, which coursed in the popliteal fossa, and the saphenous artery, which passed on the medial side of the thigh and leg. The number of smaller branches and the way in which they issued from the larger arteries were documented. The external diameter and length of the hind limb arteries were measured. It was observed that the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery supplied the inguinal and genital regions and the abdominal wall, while the deep artery of the thigh was the main vessel of the hip and thigh

Superficial veins of the foot in the baboon Papio anubis

Although the baboon is considered a good animal model in biomedical research, no description of the superficial veins of the foot in Papio anubis is found in the available literature. The current study was conducted to document the anatomy of these veins in the baboon foot. A macroscopic anatomical investigation was carried out on 20 hind legs (10 cadavers) of the adult Papio anubis (9 males and 1 female). The circulatory system of the entire body was filled with coloured latex. Traditional methods were used for the preparation of the veins of the legs. These were then compared with the venous system of the lower extremities in humans as presented in the literature. The medial and lateral metatarsal veins, the dorsal venous network, the long saphenous vein and the short saphenous vein in Papio anubis were described according to their origin, course, opening, length and diameter. The network observed was divided into three types with respect to the connections between the superficial veins. The investigation revealed no symmetry in the venous system of the baboon foot. The short saphenous vein appeared to be the main vein of the hind leg in Papio anubis and the long saphenous vein ran as a double vessel

Genetic variants in SLC9A9 gene coding for sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 are not associated with diabetic kidney disease

Wstęp. W kilku niezależnych badaniach stwierdzono sprzężenie pomiędzy fragmentem chromosomu 3q22 a cukrzycową chorobą nerek. Kolejne badania nie były w stanie znaleźć polimorfizmu genetycznego zlokalizowanego na chromosomie 3q22, który wykazywałby związek z cukrzycową chorobą nerek i tłumaczyłby wcześniej stwierdzone sprzężenie. Gen SCL9A9 kodujący antyporter sodowo-protonowy izoformę 9 jest zlokalizowany w krytycznym regionie na chromosomie 3q22. Warianty genetyczne w genie SCL9A9 mogą być odpowiedzialne za odmienną kinetykę transportu sodowo-litowego obserwowanego w erytrocytach u chorych z cukrzycową chorobą nerek. Celem badania była analiza związku pomiędzy polimorfizmami genu SCL9A9 a cukrzycową chorobą nerek.Background. Several independent studies found a linkage between diabetic kidney disease and chromosome 3q22. Following studies were not able to found a genetic polymorphism in the chromosome 3q22 region which was associated with diabetic kidney disease and which could explain the observed linkage. The SCL9A9 gene coding for the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 is located in the critical region on chromosome 3q22. Genetic variants of the SCL9A9 gene might be involved in the abnormal kinetics of erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport observed in patients with diabetic kidney disease. The aim of the study was to check the association between genetic polymorphisms of the SCL9A9 gene and diabetic kidney disease. Material and methods. We collected 61 patients with diabetic kidney disease and 63 patients with normoalbuminuria after at least 15 years of known diabetes duration. Peripheral blood was drawn and DNA was extracted from leukocytes. Fragments of the SCL9A9 gene were amplified by PCR and digested by specific restriction enzymes. Altogether 3 polymorphisms were genotyped: rs17594058 in intron 1, rs7641634 in intron 2 and rs6763202 in exon 8. The genotype frequency was compared between patients with and without diabetic kidney disease. Results. There was no difference in the genotype frequency for analyzed polymorphisms in the SCL9A9 gene between patients with and without diabetic kidney disease. Conclusions. The genetic variants of the SCL9A9 gene localized in the critical region on chromosome 3q22 are not associated with diabetic kidney disease

Using biomarker signature patterns for an mRNA molecular diagnostic of mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation state

BACKGROUND: The pluripotency and self-renewal capabilities, which define the 'stemness' state, of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, are usually investigated by functional assays or quantitative measurements of the expression levels of known ES cell markers. Strong correlations between these expression levels and functional assays, particularly at the early stage of cell differentiation, have usually not been observed. An effective molecular diagnostic to properly identify the differentiation state of mouse ES cells, prior to further experimentation, is needed. RESULTS: A novel molecular pattern recognition procedure has been developed to diagnose the differentiation state of ES cells. This is based on mRNA transcript levels of genes differentially expressed between ES cells and their differentiating progeny. Large publicly available ES cell data sets from various platforms were used to develop and test the diagnostic model. Signature patterns consisting of five gene expression levels achieved high accuracy at determining the cell state (sensitivity and specificity > 97%). CONCLUSION: The effective ES cell state diagnostic scheme described here can be implemented easily to assist researchers in identifying the differentiation state of their cultures. It also provides a step towards standardization of experiments relying on cells being in the stem cell or differentiating state.published_or_final_versio

Surowica krwi od pacjentów z cukrzycową chorobą nerek wzmacnia ekspresję genu dla trombospondyny 1 w komórkach jednojądrzastych krwi obwodowej

Background. The thrombospondin 1 and cyclooxygenase1 genes were over-expressed and the matrixmetalloproteinase 9 and cyclooxygenase 2 geneshave lower expression in peripheral blood mononuclearcells (PBMC) of type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD).The aim of the study wasto examine if the expression of those genes couldbe stimulate by incubating PBMC of healthy volunteersin blood serum of patients with DKD.Material and methods. Blood serum samples fromfive type 2 diabetic patients with DKD and five type2 diabetic patients without DKD were collected.PBMC of four healthy volunteers were incubated inblood serum of 5 type 2 diabetic patients with DKDand 5 without DKD. The expression of the thrombospondin1, cyclooxygenase 1, matrix metalloproteinase9 and cyclooxygenase 2 genes was examinedusing a method based on the real-time PCR. Theexpression was compared between cells incubated in blood serum of type 2 diabetic patients with andwithout DKD.Results. We observed a higher expression of thethrombospondin 1 gene in cells incubated in bloodserum of patients with DKD. The expression of othergenes did not differ between cells incubated in bloodserum of patients with and without DKD.Conclusions. Blood serum of type 2 diabetic patientswith DKD induces expression of thrombospondin 1gene in PBMC. Blood serum of type 2 diabetespatients with DKD may contain an intrinsic factorwhich may be involved in vascular complicationsaccelerated by DKD.Wstęp. Wykazano, że komórki jednojądrzaste krwiobwodowej u chorych na cukrzycę typu 1 z cukrzycową chorobą nerek charakteryzują się zwiększoną ekspresją genów dla trombospondyny 1 i cyklooksygenazy 1 oraz zmniejszoną ekspresją genów dla metaloproteinazy 9 i cyklooksygenazy 2. Celem badania było sprawdzenie, czy ekspresja tych genów może zostać zmieniona przez inkubację komórek jednojądrzastych krwi obwodowej od zdrowych ochotników w surowicy krwi chorych z cukrzycową chorobą nerek.Materiał i metody. Pobrano próbki surowicy krwi od 5 chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 z cukrzycową chorobą nerek oraz 5 chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 bez cukrzycowej choroby nerek. Komórki jednojądrzaste krwiobwodowej od 4 zdrowych ochotników były inkubowanew surowicy krwi od 5 chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 z cukrzycową chorobą nerek i 5 chorych bezcukrzycowej choroby nerek. Zbadano ekspresję genówdla trombospondyny 1, cyklooksygenazy 1, metaloproteinazy 9 i cyklooksygenazy 2, używając metody opartej na reakcji łańcuchowej polimerazy DNA z analizą ilości produktu w czasie rzeczywistym. Porównano ekspresję  genów pomiędzy komórkami inkubowanymi w surowicy krwi od chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 z i bez cukrzycowej choroby nerek.Wyniki. Stwierdzono większą ekspresję genu dla trombospondyny 1 w komórkach inkubowanych w surowicy chorych z cukrzycową chorobą nerek. Ekspresja pozostałych genów nie różniła się między komórkami inkubowanymi w surowicy od chorychz cukrzycową chorobą nerek i bez tej choroby.Wnioski. Surowica krwi od chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 z cukrzycową chorobą nerek powoduje wzrost ekspresjigenu dla trombospondyny 1 w komórkach jednojądrzastych krwi obwodowej. Surowica krwi odchorych na cukrzycę typu 2 z cukrzycową chorobą nerek może zawierać czynnik biorący udział w powikłaniach naczyniowych, których postęp jest szybszyprzy obecności cukrzycowej choroby nerek

Topographic and morphometric comparison study of the terminal part of human and bovine testicular arteries

The aim of the study was to compare the terminal parts of testicular artery topography in human and bovine gonads. The study was made on two extremely different types of location of the mediastinum testis. The investigation was carried out on 80 (40 human and 40 bovine) corrosive casts of the testicular arteries. The differences between the species, including the different course of the testicular artery inside the spermatic cord and in the posterior margin of the gonads, were observed. The division of the testicular artery into terminal branches was located in men on the level of the mediastinum testis, and in bulls close to the inferior end of the gonad. The types of terminal division were similar in both groups. In men, the testicular artery course inside the spermatic cord was more variable than in bulls. The artery was straighter, and in 75% of the cases it did not form the loops which were present in 100% of the bovine specimens. The bovine testicular artery in the posterior margin of the testis was longer and had a more variable course than in men