Heavy metal water pollution- A case study

Heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bioaccumulate. Bioaccumulation means an increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment. Compounds accumulate in living things any time they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted. Heavy metals can enter a water supply by industrial and consumer waste, or even from acidic rain breaking down soils and releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long-term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy, and multiple sclerosis. Allergies are not uncommon and repeated long-term contact with some metals or their compounds may even cause cancer (International Occupational Safety and Health Centre1999). &nbsp

A Review on Comparative Analysis of Leaf Spring by Using Different Variable Materials

Reducing weight while increasing or maintaining strength of products is getting to be highly important research issue in this modern world. Composite materials are one of the material families which are attracting researchers and being solutions of such issue. In this paper we describe design and analysis of polymer composite leaf spring. The objective is to compare the stresses, deformations and weight saving of composite leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring. The Automobile Industry has great interest for replacement of steel leaf spring with that of composite leaf spring, since the composite materials has high strength to weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. The material selected was glass fibre reinforced polymer (E-glass/epoxy) and is used against conventional steel. The design parameters can be selected and analysed with the objective of minimizing weight of the composite leaf spring as compared to the steel leaf spring

Review on the enhancement and performance of continues helical baffles tie double pipe heat exchanger

This paper provides a review of the major work done on helical baf?es to improve the performance of shell and tube heat exchangers. Some of the major factors affecting the performance of shell and tube heat exchanger are discussed. The CFD modeling and experimental are showed from different studies that an increase in turbulence intensity could be one of the reasons for higher performance augmentation methods with the plain tubes heat exchanger. Heat transfer performance and flow resistance of the shell side of the double-pipe heat exchanger with helical baffle can be done investigated by using CFD numerical simulation software

Formulación y evaluación de ketoprofeno cargado de nanogel de quitosán para el manejo del dolor: estudio ex vivo e in vivo

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate nanoemulsion-based gel (nanogel) for transdermal delivery of ketoprofen. Among the various excipients tested, oleic acid, tween 80 and ethanol were selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant respectively. Methods: The nanoemulsions region was identified by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams using aqueous phase titration. The prepared nanoemulsion was subjected to different thermodynamic stability study and the nanoemulsion that passed thermodynamic stability tests were evaluated for viscosity, refractive index, droplet size, transmission electron microscopy, and ex-vivo permeation study using human cadaver skin. Results: On the basis of evaluation C1 formulation, which consists of 3.09 % wt/wt of the oil phase, 60.54 % wt/wt of Smix and 36.36 % wt/wt of distilled water were selected as an optimized formulation and were converted to nanogel using chitosan as a gelling agent. Nanogel was evaluated for ex-vivo and in vivo study. The nanogel showed a significant increase in the anti-inflammatory activity as compared to conventional gel. Conclusion: In conclusion, nanogel could be a promising system to improve transdermal delivery of the ketoprofen.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar y evaluar un gel a base de nanoemulsión (nanogel) para el suministro transdérmico de ketoprofeno. Entre los diversos excipientes probados, se seleccionaron el ácido oleico, la mezcla de 80 y el etanol como aceite, surfactante y co-surfactante. Métodos: La región de las nanoemulsiones se identificó mediante la construcción de diagramas de fase pseudoternarios utilizando la titulación de la fase acuosa. La nanoemulsión preparada se sometió a diferentes estudios de estabilidad termodinámica y la nanoemulsión que pasó las pruebas de estabilidad termodinámica se evaluó para determinar la viscosidad, el índice de refracción, el tamaño de las gotitas, la microscopía electrónica de transmisión y el estudio de permeación ex-vivo utilizando piel de cadáver humano Resultados: Sobre la base de la evaluación, la formulación de C1, que consiste en 3.09% peso / peso de la fase oleosa, 60.54% peso / peso de Smix y 36.36% peso / peso de agua destilada se seleccionaron como una formulación optimizada y se convirtieron a nanogel utilizando quitosano como Un agente gelificante. Nanogel se evaluó para estudio ex-vivo e in vivo. El nanogel mostró un aumento significativo en la actividad antiinflamatoria en comparación con el gel convencional. Conclusión: En conclusión, el nanogel podría ser un sistema prometedor para mejorar la administración transdérmica del ketoprofeno

Amalgam Overhang—Commonest Unseen Procedural Mistake in Class II Amalgam Restoration

An amalgam overhang is the part of the amalgam restoration that is extended beyond the confines of cavity preparation. Amalgam overhang is one of the most common errors which remain unnoticed at the time of restoration and finally leads to bone loss, secondary caries, pain, etc. This case depicts the problem associated with overhang and how the removal of the overhang leads to healing of the bone

Nanoscale Copper II Oxide An Efficient and Reusable Adsorbent for Removal of Nickel II from Contaminated Water

The present work describes the synthesis of copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with high surface area (52.11 m2/g) and its Ni(II) adsorption efficiency from contaminated water at room temperature. Copper (II) oxide NPs are able to remove Ni(II) as 93.6 per cent and 93.7 per cent using 500 ppb & 1000 ppb initial concentration of nickel at near-neutral pH respectively. CuO NPs is very much effective to remove more than 75 per cent nickel over a wide range of pH even in presence of other competing ions like Cd2+, Pb2+, Cr6+, SO42-. Prepared CuO NPs can be used to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solution in real field application

Comparative study of various tocolytics in preterm labour

Background: Preterm birth is one of the major factors responsible for neonatal mortality and morbidity. In this study, we have to see the role of various tocolytics in preventing preterm labour.Methods: The observational study was conducted on 200 patients admitted in Upper India Sugar Exchange Maternity Hospital, Kanpur.Results: In our study calcium channel blocker were associated with statistically and clinically significantly better neonatal outcome and fewer maternal side effects than any other tocolytic. So calcium channel blocker would be preferred first line tocolytic with regard to several important outcomes.Conclusions: Preterm birth continued to be problem for obstetrician. Administration of short term tocolytic agents can prolong pregnancy for women in pre-term labor. Prolonging pregnancy may have benefits because it allows for other proven interventions, such as antenatal corticosteroid administration to be accomplished. The reviews proven an overview currently utilize tocolytic agents and the evidence of demonstrating their efficacy for prolonging pregnancy by at least 48 hours

A conceptual study of anatomy and pathophysiology of Koshtha with its clinical importance in Ayurveda

According to Ayurveda Tridosha and Panchamahabhuta are the functional and structural entity of body so the anatomy, physiology, pathology and treatment are based upon the principle of Tridosha and Panchamahabhut Siddhanta and these principles are formulating the concept of Aayu, Bala, Prakriti and Koshtha. The line of treatment, drug selection, dose determination as well as indication and contraindication of Aahar and Vihar are based upon the above concept. So, a huge study is needed to explore the above concept by the anatomical, physiological, pathological and clinical approach. Out of them the concept of Kohstha can be explore by the study of Koshtha and its anatomical determination, physiology of Koshtha, Koshtha Pariksha and utility of Koshtha in Sodhana and shaman Chikitsa

Unilateral Fusion Of Teeth In Mandibular Arch - An Unusual Finding

Fusion of two teeth is rare developmental disorder which is encountered by a clinician. It is commonly reported in deciduous dentition. The fused crown appears broader and usually an esthetic concern. This condition usually reveals a decreased teeth count. Unilateral occurrence of fusion in permanent mandibular anterior teeth is a rare phenomenon. Hence this case report is presented

The type 1 diabetes gene TYK2 regulates beta-cell development and its responses to interferon-alpha

The TYK2 gene is associated with development of type 1 diabetes. Here the authors show that TYK2 regulates beta-cell development, but at the same time TYK2 inhibition in the islets prevents IFN alpha responses and enhances their survival against CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity; representing a potent therapeutic target to halt T1D progression. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of insulin producing pancreatic beta-cells. One of the genes associated with T1D is TYK2, which encodes a Janus kinase with critical roles in type-Iota interferon (IFN-Iota) mediated intracellular signalling. To study the role of TYK2 in beta-cell development and response to IFN alpha, we generated TYK2 knockout human iPSCs and directed them into the pancreatic endocrine lineage. Here we show that loss of TYK2 compromises the emergence of endocrine precursors by regulating KRAS expression, while mature stem cell-islets (SC-islets) function is not affected. In the SC-islets, the loss or inhibition of TYK2 prevents IFN alpha-induced antigen processing and presentation, including MHC Class Iota and Class Iota Iota expression, enhancing their survival against CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity. These results identify an unsuspected role for TYK2 in beta-cell development and support TYK2 inhibition in adult beta-cells as a potent therapeutic target to halt T1D progression.Peer reviewe