Cinema e Relações Internacionais: o Filme Falcão Negro em Perigo e a Somália em 1993

RESUMO O presente ensaio propõe a análise da Batalha de Mogadíscio de 1993, Somália, onde forças militares norte-americanas enfrentaram milícias somalis em um conflito que alterou não só a ação norte-americana em missões de estabilização no mundo, como modificou o conceito das missões humanitárias das Nações Unidas como um todo. Partindo da representação cinematográfica do filme Falcão Negro em Perigo, este trabalho analisa a natureza dos conflitos no cenário internacional, que, desde uma perspectiva histórica, sofre algumas modificações de características conceituais. Neste cenário, a guerra entre estados cedeu espaço às guerras dentro dos Estados em alguns conflitos no mundo. Desta forma, o artigo apresenta uma relação entre os conceitos que conectam as guerras às intervenções humanitárias, analisando especificamente a missão de paz na Somália com um foco nos antecedentes e nas consequências da Batalha de Mogadíscio de 1993 desde as representações do cinema. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cinema. Intervenção Humanitária. Batalha de Mogadíscio. ABSTRACT This paper proposes an analysis of the major events that occurred during the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993 in Somalia, where U.S. military forces faced Somali militias in a battle that changed not only US involvement in stabilization missions in the world but also modified the concept of the United Nation’s humanitarian missions as a whole. Starting from the cinematic representation presented in the film Black Hawk Down, this essay analysis the nature of conflict on the international scene, which viewed from a historical perspective, experienced a number of modifications in its conceptual characteristics: war between the states gave way to war within states in some conflicts in the world. This paper presents a relationship between the concepts that connect the wars to humanitarian interventions, specifically analysing the peacekeeping mission in Somalia with a focus on the background and consequences of the Battle of Mogadishu of 1993 based on the cinematic representation. KEYWORDS: Cinema. Humanitarian Intervention. Battle of Mogadishu. Data da Submissão: 23/04/2014 Data da Aceitação: 24/10/201

Marfan syndrome with a complex chromosomal rearrangement including deletion of the FBN1 gene

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The majority of Marfan syndrome (MFS) cases is caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene (<it>FBN1</it>), mapped to chromosome 15q21.1. Only few reports on deletions including the whole <it>FBN1 </it>gene, detected by molecular cytogenetic techniques, were found in literature.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report here on a female patient with clinical symptoms of the MFS spectrum plus craniostenosis, hypothyroidism and intellectual deficiency who presents a 1.9 Mb deletion, including the <it>FBN1 </it>gene and a complex rearrangement with eight breakpoints involving chromosomes 6, 12 and 15.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This is the first report of MFS with a complex chromosome rearrangement involving a deletion of <it>FBN1 </it>and contiguous genes. In addition to the typical clinical findings of the Marfan syndrome due to <it>FBN1 </it>gene haploinsufficiency, the patient presents features which may be due to the other gene deletions and possibly to the complex chromosome rearrangement.</p

Gauge symmetry and W-algebra in higher derivative systems

The problem of gauge symmetry in higher derivative Lagrangian systems is discussed from a Hamiltonian point of view. The number of independent gauge parameters is shown to be in general {\it{less}} than the number of independent primary first class constraints, thereby distinguishing it from conventional first order systems. Different models have been considered as illustrative examples. In particular we show a direct connection between the gauge symmetry and the W-algebra for the rigid relativistic particle.Comment: 1+22 pages, 1 figure, LaTeX, v2; title changed, considerably expanded version with new results, to appear in JHE

Regulatory T Cells Phenotype in Different Clinical Forms of Chagas' Disease

CD25High CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have been described as key players in immune regulation, preventing infection-induced immune pathology and limiting collateral tissue damage caused by vigorous anti-parasite immune response. In this review, we summarize data obtained by the investigation of Treg cells in different clinical forms of Chagas' disease. Ex vivo immunophenotyping of whole blood, as well as after stimulation with Trypanosoma cruzi antigens, demonstrated that individuals in the indeterminate (IND) clinical form of the disease have a higher frequency of Treg cells, suggesting that an expansion of those cells could be beneficial, possibly by limiting strong cytotoxic activity and tissue damage. Additional analysis demonstrated an activated status of Treg cells based on low expression of CD62L and high expression of CD40L, CD69, and CD54 by cells from all chagasic patients after T. cruzi antigenic stimulation. Moreover, there was an increase in the frequency of the population of Foxp3+ CD25HighCD4+ cells that was also IL-10+ in the IND group, whereas in the cardiac (CARD) group, there was an increase in the percentage of Foxp3+ CD25High CD4+ cells that expressed CTLA-4. These data suggest that IL-10 produced by Treg cells is effective in controlling disease development in IND patients. However, in CARD patients, the same regulatory mechanism, mediated by IL-10 and CTLA-4 expression is unlikely to be sufficient to control the progression of the disease. These data suggest that Treg cells may play an important role in controlling the immune response in Chagas' disease and the balance between regulatory and effector T cells may be important for the progression and development of the disease. Additional detailed analysis of the mechanisms on how these cells are activated and exert their function will certainly give insights for the rational design of procedure to achieve the appropriate balance between protection and pathology during parasite infections

Thrombus Migration Paradox in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—The location of the thrombus as observed on first digital subtraction angiography during endovascular treatment may differ from the initial observation on initial noninvasive imaging. We studied the incidence of thrombus dynamics, its impact on patient outcomes, and its association with intravenous thrombolytics. Methods—We included patients from the MR CLEAN registry (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke) with an initial target occlusion on computed tomography angiography located in the intracranial internal carotid artery, M1, or M2. The conventional angiography target occlusion was defined during endovascular treatment. Thrombus dynamics were classified as growth, stability, migration, and resolution. The primary outcome was functional outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale). The secondary outcomes were successful and complete reperfusion (extended treatment in cerebral infarction scores of 2b-3 and 3, respectively). Results—The analysis included 1349 patients. Thrombus migration occurred in 302 (22%) patients, thrombus growth in 87 (6%), and thrombus resolution in 39 (3%). Intravenous treatment with alteplase was associated with more thrombus migration (adjusted odds ratio, 2.01; CI, 1.29–3.11) and thrombus resolution (adjusted odds ratio, 1.85; CI, 1.22–2.80). Thrombus migration was associated with a lower chance of complete reperfusion (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; CI, 0.42– 0.78) and successful reperfusion (adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; CI, 0.55–0.99). In the subgroup of patients with M1 initial target occlusion, thrombus migration was associated with better functional outcome (adjusted common odds ratio, 1.49; CI, 1.02–2.17), and there was a trend towards better functional outcome in patients with thrombus resolution (adjusted common odds ratio, 2.23; CI, 0.93–5.37). Conclusions—In patients with acute ischemic stroke, thrombus location regularly changes between computed tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Administration of intravenous alteplase increases the chance of thrombus migration and resolution. Thrombus migration is associated with be

Genetic Control of Resistance to Trypanosoma brucei brucei Infection in Mice

Trypanosoma brucei are extracellular protozoa transmitted to mammalian host by the tsetse fly. They developed several mechanisms that subvert host's immune defenses. Therefore analysis of genes affecting host's resistance to infection can reveal critical aspects of host-parasite interactions. Trypanosoma brucei brucei infects many animal species including livestock, with particularly severe effects in horses and dogs. Mouse strains differ greatly in susceptibility to T. b. brucei. However, genes controlling susceptibility to this parasite have not been mapped. We analyzed the genetic control of survival after T. b. brucei infection using CcS/Dem recombinant congenic (RC) strains, each of which contains a different random set of 12.5% genes of their donor parental strain STS/A on the BALB/c genetic background. The RC strain CcS-11 is even more susceptible to parasites than BALB/c or STS/A. In F2 hybrids between BALB/c and CcS-11 we detected and mapped four loci, Tbbr1-4 (Trypanosoma brucei brucei response 1–4), that control survival after T. b. brucei infection. Tbbr1 (chromosome 3) and Tbbr2 (chromosome 12) have independent effects, Tbbr3 (chromosome 7) and Tbbr4 (chromosome 19) were detected by their mutual inter-genic interaction. Tbbr2 was precision mapped to a segment of 2.15 Mb that contains 26 genes

Characterising the KMP-11 and HSP-70 recombinant antigens' humoral immune response profile in chagasic patients

11 pages, 6 figures.-- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/9/186/pre pubBackground: Antigen specificity and IgG subclass could be significant in the natural history of Chagas' disease. The relationship between the different stages of human Chagas' disease and the profiles of total IgG and its subclasses were thus analysed here; they were directed against a crude T. cruzi extract and three recombinant antigens: the T. cruzi kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (rKMP-11), an internal fragment of the T. cruzi HSP-70 protein192-433, and the entire Trypanosoma rangeli HSP-70 protein. Methods: Seventeen Brazilian acute chagasic patients, 50 Colombian chronic chagasic patients (21 indeterminate and 29 cardiopathic patients) and 30 healthy individuals were included. Total IgG and its subtypes directed against the above-mentioned recombinant antigens were determined by ELISA tests. Results: The T. cruzi KMP-11 and T. rangeli HSP-70 recombinant proteins were able to distinguish both acute from chronic chagasic patients and infected people from healthy individuals. Specific antibodies to T. cruzi crude antigen in acute patients came from IgG3 and IgG4 subclasses whereas IgG1 and IgG3 were the prevalent isotypes in indeterminate and chronic chagasic patients. By contrast, the specific prominent antibodies in all disease stages against T. cruzi KMP-11 and T. rangeli HSP-70 recombinant antigens were the IgG1 subclass.This work was supported by Colciencias Research project No. 1203-333- 18692. IDF was supported by Colciencias and the Universidad Javeriana's Young Researcher 2008 Programme (Bogotá, Colombia). MCT and MCL were supported by P06-CTS-02242 Grant from PAI (Junta de Andalucia) and RICET-RD06/0021-0014, Spain. MS received financial support from the Brazilian agency - CNPq.Peer reviewe