Menekültként otthon Kanadában: intimitás a digitális rokonságban

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„Innen az ember jobb, hogyha meg is szabadul”. Megélhetési stratégiák egy kisfalusi cigány közösségben

Láposon ma a 70 aktív korú cigány származású férfi közül senkinek sincs állandó munkaviszonya. A parasztoknál ez az arány egészen másként fest: náluk 30 munkaképes korban lévő lakosra 4 munkanélküli jut. Ők azonban „még csak” 2-3 éve vesztették el állásaikat, ellentétben a cigányokkal, akiknek többsége 1991-ben vált munkanélkülivé, az első nagy hullámban, amikor a gazdasági nehézségekkel küzdő nagyipari vállalatok kezdték elbocsátani a feleslegessé vált munkaerőt, közülük is elsősorban a szakképzetlen, vidéki, ingázó cigányokat. Az elszegényedő, gettósodó, lassan 10 éve tartó munkanélküliséggel küzdő faluban, ahol ma az aktív lakosság 60 százaléka munkanélküli (ebből 90 százalék a cigányok aránya), a különböző társadalmi rétegeknek különböző megélhetési stratégiái vannak

Hátrányos helyzetű kistérségek népesedési viszonyai, különös tekintettel egyes etnikai különbségek vizsgálatára = Population development in less developed subregions in Hungary with special attention to some ethnic differences

A projekt keretében differenciális népesedési kutatásokat folytattunk a területi egyenlőtlenségek és a népesedési viszonyok összefüggéseinek feltárására. A kutatási periódus első felében kistérségi szintű demográfiai adatokat gyűjtöttünk és dolgoztunk fel. Az elemzés során megállapítható volt, hogy a legtöbb térségben a hátrányok és az azok kiegyenlítődését gátló társadalmi-demográfiai tényezők halmozottan jelentkeznek. Nem azonosíthatók regionális demográfiai profilok, azonban bizonyos népesedési jellemzők együttesen csak az északi országrészben fordulnak elő. A projekt második felében kvantitatív adatfelvételt készítettünk egy észak-magyarországi halmozottan hátrányos helyzetű térségben annak vizsgálatára, hogy mi állhat az erre a térségre jellemző magas termékenység hátterében, hogy vajon az alacsony iskolázottság hasonló termékenységi mintákhoz kapcsolódik-e az itt élő roma és nem-roma nők esetében. Eredményeink szerint a vizsgált térségben a termékenység a rendszerváltás előtt csökkent, jelenleg stagnál. A vizsgált térségben mind a roma, mind a nem-roma népesség termékenysége magasabb volt annál, mint amit az alacsony végzettségűekre számított országos átlag alapján várni lehetett. A várakozásnak megfelelően a roma nők magasabb gyermekszáma részben az alacsonyabb iskolázottságukkal volt magyarázható, de emellett az általános iskolát végzettek esetében ? minden egyéb tényező kontrollálása mellett ? az etnicitás önálló hatása is kimutatható volt a szült gyermekszámra. | The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between socio-economic inequalities appearing in regional differences and population development. In the first year a subregional level database on various socio-economic and population development indicators was created. By cluster analysis significant differences in the demographic patterns of the most privileged subregions have been showed up. In the second year a questionnaire survey was taken among the female population of a multiply-disadvantaged area in North Hungary in order to examine what lay behind the high fertility typical of the area. We were particularly interested in whether low educational level is connected to similar fertility patterns among Romas and non-Romas living there. Fertility among both the Roma and non-Roma populations in this region was found to be higher than might be expected from the national average calculated for people of low educational level. The number of children among people living here decreased considerably before 1990, especially among the Romas, but the trend now seems to be stagnating. As for the effect of ethnicity on fertility, the examination by level of education had some surprising results. As expected, the higher level of fertility among Romas could partly be explained by their lower educational level. However, for those who had completed primary school the effect of ethnicity on the number of children born has also been demonstrated

Constrained choices, enhanced aspirations: Transnational mobility, poverty and development. A case study from North Hungary

This paper aims to contribute to the exploration of the nexus of poverty, migration and development by providing what has been lacking thus far; namely, a close ethnographic portrait, combined with a survey, that interprets the most typical and diverging migration trajectories and their impacts in an economically backward and ethnically differentiated region in Hungary. Building on the inspirational work of anthropologists and mobility scholars who propose to recover a global and multidimensional perspective on transnational movement when exploring the nexus between migration and its consequences for development, we carried out multi-sited ethnography, both in the sending and in the destination localities. We also conducted a survey among migrants who had returned, sometimes temporarily, to their community of origin. Using this multi-spatial approach, we demonstrate the different layers of the migration-development nexus. We argue that, on the global level, receiving countries all benefit from the cheap and flexible labor of poor migrants, be they Roma or non-Roma, skilled or low-skilled mobile laborers. However, on the level of migrant-sending localities, due to the differential migration patterns of local Roma and non-Roma, the developmental effects of the two groups’ geographical movement cannot be taken as homogeneous or leveled. For non-Roma families, when men leave behind their wives and children for the sake of financial betterment of their family, there is little developmental effect on community level, but only in a narrow financial sense. However, we argue, drawing on Appadurai’s (2004) “capacity to aspire” concept, that for a fraction of some kinship groups of low-skilled Roma who mainly migrate with their whole family, transnational mobility may not be as successful financially as for the non-Roma, although it has future-oriented developmental elements by potentially enhancing capacity to aspire for both migrants and non-migrants

Soul Work and Giving Back: Ethnic Support Groups and the Hidden Costs of Social Mobility. Lessons from Hungarian Roma Graduates

For a long time, social and public policies have presented upward social mobility as an unambiguously progressive process. However, there is a relatively new line of academic research that concerns the dilemmas, or ‘hidden costs’, of upward mobility. Still, apart from a few inspiring exceptions, there is a lack of empirical studies, especially in Hungary, that explore the personal experiences of the impact of moving class through educational mobility. Academic literature about stigmatised, disadvantaged minorities such as Afro-Americans and Mexicans in the U.S or the Roma in Europe suggests that the professional middle class of these groups – those who have demonstrated an exceptional range of intergenerational mobility – have adopted a distinctive upward mobility strategy to overcome the challenges that are unique to them. These challenges emerge from the difficulties of maintaining intra-class relations with poorer ‘co-ethnics’ (people from the communities they were brought up in), but also managing interethnic relations with the ‘white’ (non-Black in the U.S, non-Roma in East-Central Europe) majority. As part of this minority culture of mobility, the Roma, as with other stigmatised minority groups, create and join ethnic professional organisations to enable them to culturally navigate both worlds. Throughout this paper, we focus our attention on influential ethnic support groups or organisations and address the question what effect they have on the costs of upward mobility in the case of our Roma professional middle-class sample.</jats:p

The Limits of Trading Cultural Capital: Returning Migrant Children and Their Educational Trajectory in Hungary

Purpose: This chapter analyses the effects of social stratification and inequalities on the outcomes of transnational mobilities, especially on the educational trajectory of returning migrant children. Study approach: It places the Bourdieusian capital concepts (Bourdieu, 1977, 1984) centre stage, and analyses the convertibility or transferability of the cultural and social capital across different transnational locations. It examines the serious limitations of this process, using the concept of non-dominant cultural capital as a heuristic analytical tool and the education system (school) as a way of approaching the field. As we examine ‘successful mobilities’ of highstatus families with children and racialised low-status families experiencing mobility failures, our intention is to draw attention on the effect of the starting position of the migrating families on the outcomes of their cross-border mobilities through a closer reading of insightful cases. We look at the interrelations of social position or class race and mobility experiences through several empirical case studies from different regions of Hungary by examining the narratives of people belonging to very different social strata with a focus on the ‘top’ and the ‘bottom’ of the socio-economic hierarchy. We examine the transnational mobility trajectories, strategies and the reintegration of school age children from transnationally mobile families upon their return to Hungary. Findings: Our qualitative research indicates that for returning migrants not only their available capitals in a Bourdieasian sense but also their (de)valuation by the different Hungarian schools has direct consequences on mobility-affected educational trajectories, on the individual outcomes of mobilities, and the circumstances of return and chances for reintegration. Originality: There is little qualitative research on the effects of emigration from Hungary in recent decades. A more recent edited volume (Váradi, 2018) discusses various intersectionalities of migration such as gender, ethnicity and age. This chapter intends to advance this line of research, analysing the intersectionality of class, ethnicity and race in the context of spatial mobilities through operationalising a critical reading of the Bourdieusian capital