Effects of environmental factors on the physiology and development of honey bees

Environmental aspects have a substantial impact on the physiological and morphological attributes of social bees. Living organisms including plants, animals, and human are much influenced by the environment. Environmental factors including temperature, nutrition, light, beehive conditions and social interactions are compelling agents in alteration of morphology, development, and health of honeybees. Beekeeping may also be at risk due to climate change effect on agriculture, which appears to be a major concern for the sector. Temperature variations impair the honeybee colony's internal functions, including food storage, brood rearing, and social stability. Colony collapse has been caused by nutritional stress brought on by habitat loss, infestation by various pests and diseases, and chemical exposure. The honeybees decline, queens are replaced, and eventually the colony breaks down and dies by the viruses and parasites. Foraging behaviour is influenced by temperature as activity levels drop as the temperature rises. The foraging activity peaked at 20° C and peaked at 43° C. Like humans, nutrition affects the gut microbiome of bees, makes them more susceptible to disease, shortens their life span, and is the primary factor in the collapse of honeybee colonies. Comprehensive investigation on the influence of environmental changes on honeybee condition and protection against hazardous environmental circumstances. It has been shown that since the start of industrialization, a variety of causes threatened honeybees’ lives. The protection of bees and biodiversity is an urgent matter of concern and demands serious efforts from different stake holders to play their legitimate role

Molecular Basis of the Structure and Transmission of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS: A Review Report

In late 2019, a new coronaviridae family member officially designated as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2” (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and began to spread intensely, worldwide. Its rapid spread was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Within the coronaviridae family, SARS-CoV-2 is the third highly pathogenic virus that infects human beings, following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In this review, the molecular basis for the origin, mode of action, invasion, and organization of these viruses are discussed by using various models.  Moreover, the transmission pathways, replication mechanisms, and diagnostic strategies of these viruses are also discussed. The molecular basis of SARS and MERS helps to understand their infection patterns, pathogenic mechanisms with anecdotes on their diagnosis, and future directions. Expectedly, this study would serve the purpose of being a reliable source of information to scientists, clinicians, as well as the general public

Effects of Short and Long Exposure to the Anesthetic 2-Phenoxyethanol Mixed with Ethyl Alcohol on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Fingerlings

Common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; 7.70±0.4 g; 8.38±0.8 cm) were exposed to different concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol mixed with pure ethyl alcohol (1:1) in an open sys- tem for a short (until induction of anesthesia) or long (48 h) duration, then transferred to clean water and maintained for 96 h. The effects of the anesthetic on induction time, anesthetic stage, opercular rate, recovery time, recovery stage, and mortality were observed. For short exposure, the most suitable concentrations were 0.8, 1, and 1.2 ml/l. For long exposure, transportation, and deep sedation and partial loss of equilibrium (anesthetic stages 2 and 3), the preferable con- centrations were 0. 4 and 0.6 ml/l. No mortality was observed at any concentration

Levels of copper in liver, muscle and gill tissues in Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) from Munzur River, Turkey

Heavy metal pollution of waters is a major environmental problem. Due to their toxicity, long persistence, bioaccumulative and nonbiodegradable properties in the food chain, heavy metals constitute a core group of aquatic pollutants. Capoeta trutta is an economically important fish and the object of significant commercial fishery in the Munzur River. Levels of Cu were measured in samples of the muscle, gill and liver tissues of C. trutta from Munzur River. In liver copper levels were higher at Station I (6.15 mg kg-1) polluted by domestic waste than Station II (5.48 mg kg-1) (P<0.05). The highest copper level (7.25 mg kg-1) was measured in muscle tissue at Station II. There was found no statically differences between stations in gill and muscle (P>0.05). It is suggested that ecological condition of freshwater fish and contamination levels in Munzur River must be regularly monitored

Evaluation of anesthetic potential of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) oil as a new anesthetic agent for goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The aim of this research was to investigate the efficacy of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) essential oil (EO) as a new herbal anesthetic compared with camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) EO and commonly used chemical agent 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) on goldfish (Carassius auratus). The anesthetic efficacies of these herbal EOs and 2-PE were evaluated in goldfish with mean body weight of 7.36 +/- 0.77 g. Fish were exposed to each anesthetic concentrations and the lowest effective concentrations (LECs) were established according to deep anesthesia (A(D) 171 +/- 2.28 s; 297 +/- 7.69 s), 250 mu l L-1 for CP (A(D); R-F -> 129 +/- 4.18 s; 291 +/- 2.81 s) and 700 mu l L-1 for 2-PE (A(D); R-F -> 177 +/- 2.35 s; 214 +/- 4.93 s). At concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 mu l L-1 for RD, 50, 100, 150 mu l L-1 for CP and 400, 500 mu l L-1 for 2-PE failed to induce A(D) in goldfish. There were significantly differences found among RD, CP and 2-PE concentrations in terms of induction and recovery times (p < 0.05). The fastest A(D) and R-F were obtained by 300 mu l L-1 CP (120 +/- 1.94 s) and 600 mu l L-1 2-PE (190 +/- 4.34 s), respectively. Fish exposed to 300 mu l L-1 RD and 800 mu l L-1 2-PE took slightly longer to achieve A D than 300 mu l L-1 CP. Induction and recovery times for EOs and 2-PE were significantly dependent on concentrations. Negative relationships was recorded between A(D) and R-F for all anesthetics. No mortality or adverse effects occurred and fish stayed calm during trials. Results showed that RD was found to be an effective anesthetic as well as CP for goldfish and can be used at least 3-fold lower concentrations than 2-PE. In conclusion, rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) EO, as a new potential anesthetic for fish, proved to be an effective natural agent resulting in rapid induction and recovery

An Investigation on Some Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Capoeta trutta (Heckel 1843) from Munzur River (Tunceli, Turkey),

Fishes are largly used for the assessment of aquatic environment quality and are accepted as bioindicators of environmental pollution. This study evaluated haematological and biochemical responses of Capoeta trutta captured in Munzur River, Tunceli, Turkey. Blood and biochemical parameters (Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Chlorine (Cl) and Iron (Fe)) were determined. The values of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Haemoglobin (Hb), Haemotocrit (Ht), Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Platelet Count (PLT), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Plateletcrit (PCT), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) from examined haematological parameters were found as 0.67+/-0.09 10(12) L(-1), 13.5+/-0.90 g dL(-1), 14.78+/-0.19%, 218.40+/-4.29 fL, 194.75+/-15.36 pg 108.52+/-1.09 g dL(-1), 34.12+/-5.89 10(9)L(-1), 11.92+/-1.65 fL, 0.061+/-0.01% and 19.77+/-1.71 fL, respectively. The values of Fe, Cl, P, Ca, K and Na from examined biochemical parameters were determined as 91.75+/-28.27 g dL(-1), 92.00+/-4.02 mmol L(-1), 13.20+/-1.26mg dL(-1), 11.65+/-0.74 mmol L(-1), 1.30+/-0.21 mmol L(-1) and 132.5+/-3.90 mg dL(-1) respectively. Observation of blood parameters allows the most rapid detection of changes in fish after the exposure to xenobiotics. It can conclude that hematological and biochemical parameters could be ranked as possible biomarkers of pollution

“Effect of Mixed Use of Thyme and Fennel Oils on Biochemical Properties and Electrolytes in Rainbow Trout as a Response to Yersinia ruckeri Infection”

The aim of study was to compare the effects of supplementation of food with herbal oils (Thymus vulgaris and Foeniculum vulgare) on biochemical properties and electrolytes of rainbow trout infected with Yersinia ruckeri. In total, 120 healthy fish (mean weight 84 ± 1.02 g) were equally divided into four experimental groups. The experimental study was carried out for one week. The first group was control without supplementation and infection, the second group was infected and without oil supplementation, the third group was supplemented with oils (10 ml·100 g-1 rates) for one week and infected with Y. ruckeri and the last group was oil supplemented without infection. Results indicated that fish fed with dietary supplements showed enhanced bactericidal activity, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride and bilirubin compared to the control (P < 0.05). As the value of herbal oils was increased in diets, the plasma glucose level decreased. The levels of K, Na, Ca, and Mg increased whereas Cl values decreased, compared to the control. It can be concluded that diet supplementation with herb oils used in this study can increase disease resistance by increasing levels of some biochemical parameters and electrolytes in rainbow trout to Y. ruckeri infection

“ Temporal Changes in Concentrations of Some Trace Elements in Muscle Tissue of Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) from Keban Dam Lake”

Crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) is the native crayfish species in Turkey. It was exported regularly to Western Europe. In this study, bioaccumulation and temporal trends of some trace elements (arsenic: As, cadmium: Cd, copper: Cu, mercury: Hg, lead: Pb, and zinc: Zn) in edible abdomen muscle of crayfish from Keban Dam Lake (Elazığ, Turkey) were investigated for the 2006–2012 period. Sequence of metal concentration levels was Zn > Cu > Hg > Pb > Cd > As in muscle tissues. The highest concentration of Zn (21.69 mg kg−1) was detected in 2006, while the lowest (4.35 mg kg−1) in 2009. In general, it was found that the concentrations of trace elements investigated were lower than the maximum permissible limits of the food regulations of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Livestock (MFAL), the Turkish Food Codex and Commission Regulation (EC). If the crayfish selected for the study are recognized as bioindicators of environmental pollution, then it is possible to conclude that the changes in studied trace elements concentrations in the Keban Dam Lake are being steady

“Use of Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathiones-Transferase and Cytochrome P450 1A1 in Capoeta umbla as Biomarkers for Monitoring of Pollution in Uzuncayir Dam Lake (Tunceli, Turkey)”

Uzuncayir Dam Lake is one of the most important water bodies in Tunceli. It is pollutedby domestic wastewaters together with natural contamination and pesticides, which havehad cumulatively negative effects. This study analyzes the effects of pollution by usingthe fish species, Capoeta umbla as a sentinel species, with a biomarker approach. Theapproach comprehends a general biomarker of individual fish health, the condition factorand specific biomarkers of contaminant exposure such as glutathione S-transferase (GST)and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The generalwater physico-chemical parameters were measured at each sampling sites during each fish-sampling period. Strong seasonal and locational variations were observed among selectedmarkers.In conclusion, the multibiomarker approach used in the present study clearly revealed dif-ferences in the fish health among reference and potentially contaminated sites. The studyshows that changes of biomarkers such as acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferaseand cytochrome P450 1A1 might be useful for the assessment of environmental contamina-tion in the Uzuncayir Dam Lake (Tunceli, Turkey)