166 research outputs found
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Children's and Adults' Understanding of Punishment and the Criminal Justice System
Adultsā judgments regarding punishment can have important social ramifications. However, the origins of these judgments remain unclear. Using the legal system as an example domain in which people receive punishment, the current work employed two complementary approaches to examine how punishment-related concepts emerge. Study 1 tested both 6- to 8-year-olds and adults to ascertain which components of āend-stateā punishment concepts emerge early in development and remain stable over time, and which components of punishment concepts change with age. Children, like adults, agreed with and spontaneously generated behavioral explanations for incarceration. However, children were more likely than adults to attribute incarceration to internal characteristics. Neither children nor adults reported that incarceration stems from societal-level factors such as poverty. Study 2 built on the results of Study 1 by probing the extent to which early punishment-related concepts in the legal domain emerge from a specific form of social experienceānamely, parental incarceration. Children of incarcerated parents, like children whose parents were not incarcerated, were more likely to reference internal and behavioral factors than societal factors when discussing why people come into contact with the justice system. Taken together, these studies clarify how punishment-related concepts arise and therefore contribute to theories of moral psychology, social cognitive development, and criminal justice
Synergizing Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy: Designing an Integrated Foundations Course for Health Education
The Occupational Therapy Department at University of the Pacific embarked on a tailored initiative to reshape the occupational therapy foundations course for entry-level Occupational Therapy Doctorate (OTD) students. Collaboratively designed and co-taught by the first and second authors, experienced occupational therapists in both clinical and academic realms, alongside the third author, a seasoned occupational scientist with a rich background in instructing graduate and undergraduate professionals, this innovative course aligns with the program\u27s biopsychosocial philosophy.
The primary objective of this course was to provide students with an expansive perspective on the fundamental role of occupation in human life. Various assessment methods were employed to gauge students\u27 grasp of the course content, culminating in a summative course evaluation survey supplemented with comments at the conclusion of the term.
This paper elucidates the course design model, its integration within the curriculum, the implementation process, and insights gleaned from student feedback. The outlined approach for crafting a novel course that incorporates diverse professional viewpoints will prove invaluable to OTD programs preparing entry-level occupational therapists for the multifaceted challenges of contemporary healthcare. By sharing this course design, the authors aspire to contribute to the evolution of OT education and address the dynamic demands of healthcare through the utilization of integrated professional perspectives
Feel of the Ocean: Final Report
The overall goal of this project is to create a system that will enhance the audienceās sense that they are actually in the ocean, surrounded by whales, as they attend the Music Departmentās 2014 Spring RSVP show. We have designed something that, through the interaction of light and moving fabric, will augment the performance
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Cenozoic global cooling and increased seawater Mg/Ca via reduced reverse weathering
Ā© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 844, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00853-5.Authigenic clay minerals formed on or in the seafloor occur in every type of marine sediment. They are recognized to be a major sink of many elements in the ocean but are difficult to study directly due to dilution by detrital clay minerals. The extremely low dust fluxes and marine sedimentation rates in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) provide a unique opportunity to examine relatively undiluted authigenic clay. Here, using Mg isotopes and element concentrations combined with multivariate statistical modeling, we fingerprint and quantify the abundance of authigenic clay within SPG sediment. Key reactants include volcanic ash (source of reactive aluminium) and reactive biogenic silica on or shallowly buried within the seafloor. Our results, together with previous studies, suggest that global reorganizations of biogenic silica burial over the Cenozoic reduced marine authigenic clay formation, contributing to the rise in seawater Mg/Ca and decline in atmospheric CO2 over the past 50 million years.Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation to R.W.M. (OCE1130531) and to J.A.H. (OCE1654571)
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The essence of an immigrant identity: Children's pro-social responses to others based on perceived ability and desire to change
Much work has highlighted the degree to which children and adults view human characteristics as immutable. Less work has elucidated how people may conceptualize such immutability. Using immigration as an example domain, we examined the extent to which childrenās (N=112 5- to 10-year-olds) immutability concepts reflected beliefs about others lacking the ability and/or the desire to change. Children readily agreed that immigrants couldāand wanted toāchange certain aspects of their identities (i.e., by adopting the norms of their new country). We also investigated the social ramifications of messages focusing on different aspects of immutability. Children felt and behaved more positively toward people who had the ability and desire to change than toward those who did not. Moreover, information about desires played a greater role in shaping childrenās attitudes and behaviors than did information about abilities. This work extends scholarship on psychological essentialism by highlighting the need to study sub-components of a specific pillar of essentialist thought (i.e., separating the immutability component of essentialism into perceptions regarding people's perceived desire and, separately, perceived ability to change), partially because essentialism impacts social cognition and behavior differently across sub-components.
Keywords: identity; immigration; morality; psychological essentialism; social cognitive development; social preference
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Childrenās and Adults' Perceptions of Religious and Secular Interventions for Incarcerated Individuals in the United States
Religious involvement is prevalent in prisons, a context where questions of moral redemption are particularly salient. We probed the developmental origins of adults' perceptions that religion might lead to redemption following transgressions. Six- to 8-year-olds (n=50 United States residents) and adults (n=53 United States residents) learned about incarcerated characters who had taken religion classes, art classes, or life classes (about right and wrong) while imprisoned. They then rated agreement with statements assessing attitudes toward the incarcerated individuals, the effectiveness of each characterās time in prison, and their likelihood of recidivism. Children were more likely than adults to report that classes, in general, would effectively rehabilitate incarcerated individuals. However, participants of all ages reported more positive attitudes toward people who took religion classes and life classes rather than art classes. Further, participants of all ages reported that people who took art classes, versus religion or life classes, would be more likely to continue transgressing. These findings highlight the important role that religious and secular learning play in perceptions of redemption across development
Observations of heterogeneous reactions between Asian pollution and mineral dust over the Eastern North Pacific during INTEX-B
In-situ airborne measurements of trace gases, aerosol size distributions, chemistry and optical properties were conducted over Mexico and the Eastern North Pacific during MILAGRO and INTEX-B. Heterogeneous reactions between secondary aerosol precursor gases and mineral dust lead to sequestration of sulfur, nitrogen and chlorine in the supermicrometer particulate size range.
Simultaneous measurements of aerosol size distributions and weak-acid soluble calcium result in an estimate of 11 wt% of CaCO_3 for Asian dust. During transport across the North Pacific, ~5ā30% of the CaCO_3 is converted to CaSO_4 or Ca(NO_3)_2 with an additional ~4% consumed through reactions with HCl. The 1996 to 2008 record from the Mauna Loa Observatory confirm these findings, indicating that, on average, 19% of the CaCO_3 has reacted to form CaSO_4 and 7% has reacted to form Ca(NO_3)_2 and ~2% has reacted with HCl. In the nitrogen-oxide rich boundary layer near Mexico City up to 30% of the CaCO_3 has reacted to form Ca(NO_3)_2 while an additional 8% has reacted with HCl.
These heterogeneous reactions can result in a ~3% increase in dust solubility which has an insignificant effect on their optical properties compared to their variability in-situ. However, competition between supermicrometer dust and submicrometer primary aerosol for condensing secondary aerosol species led to a 25% smaller number median diameter for the accumulation mode aerosol. A 10ā25% reduction of accumulation mode number median diameter results in a 30ā70% reduction in submicrometer light scattering at relative humidities in the 80ā95% range. At 80% RH submicrometer light scattering is only reduced ~3% due to a higher mass fraction of hydrophobic refractory components in the dust-affected accumulation mode aerosol. Thus reducing the geometric mean diameter of the submicrometer aerosol has a much larger effect on aerosol optical properties than changes to the hygroscopic:hydrophobic mass fractions of the accumulation mode aerosol.
In the presence of dust, nitric acid concentrations are reduced to 85% to 60ā80% in the presence of dust. These observations support previous model studies which predict irreversible sequestration of reactive nitrogen species through heterogeneous reactions with mineral dust during long-range transport
Assessment and Use of NGR Instrumentation on the JOIDES Resolution to Quantify U, Th, and K Concentrations in Marine Sediment
No abstract available.
doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.15.05.2013</a
Search for TeV Gamma-Rays from Shell-Type Supernova Remnants
If cosmic rays with energies <100 TeV originate in the galaxy and are
accelerated in shock waves in shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs), gamma-rays
will be produced as the result of proton and electron interactions with the
local interstellar medium, and by inverse Compton emission from electrons
scattering soft photon fields. We report on observations of two supernova
remnants with the Whipple Observatory's 10 m gamma-ray telescope. No
significant detections have been made and upper limits on the >500 GeV flux are
reported. Non-thermal X-ray emission detected from one of these remnants
(Cassiopeia A) has been interpreted as synchrotron emission from electrons in
the ambient magnetic fields. Gamma-ray emission detected from the
Monoceros/Rosette Nebula region has been interpreted as evidence of cosmic-ray
acceleration. We interpret our results in the context of these observations.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the proceedings of 26th
International Cosmic Ray Conference (Salt Lake City, 1999
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