39,199 research outputs found
The social patterning of values and rationalities: mothers' choices in combining caring and employment
The assumption of individualised rationality runs through the two dominant theorisations of family behaviour – new household economics and individualisation. We demonstrate the inaccuracy of this assumption, using the results of two CAVA projects into mothers' perceptions and choices in combining mothering with paid work, in allocating tasks with partners, and in choosing childcare. Rather, mothers make such decisions within socially negotiated accounts of what is morally adequate, and we go on to show how these decisions and the values informing them are socially patterned by class and ethnicity. Finally, we consider how both theory and policy can make a ‘rationality mistake’ in neglecting the importance of social ties and moral responsibilities in family life
Ethnic Identification, Intermarriage, and Unmeasured Progress by Mexican Americans
Using Census and CPS data, we show that U.S.-born Mexican Americans who marry non-
Mexicans are substantially more educated and English proficient, on average, than are
Mexican Americans who marry co-ethnics (whether they be Mexican Americans or Mexican
immigrants). In addition, the non-Mexican spouses of intermarried Mexican Americans
possess relatively high levels of schooling and English proficiency, compared to the spouses
of endogamously married Mexican Americans. The human capital selectivity of Mexican
intermarriage generates corresponding differences in the employment and earnings of
Mexican Americans and their spouses. Moreover, the children of intermarried Mexican
Americans are much less likely to be identified as Mexican than are the children of
endogamous Mexican marriages. These forces combine to produce strong negative
correlations between the education, English proficiency, employment, and earnings of
Mexican-American parents and the chances that their children retain a Mexican ethnicity.
Such findings raise the possibility that selective ethnic “attrition” might bias observed
measures of intergenerational progress for Mexican Americans
Immigration and the U.S. labour market
Over the last several decades, two of the most significant developments in the U.S. labor
market have been: (1) rising inequality, and (2) growth in both the size and the diversity of
immigration flows. Because a large share of new immigrants arrive with very low levels of
schooling, English proficiency, and other skills that have become increasingly important
determinants of success in the U.S. labor market, an obvious concern is that such
immigrants are a poor fit for the restructured American economy. In this chapter, we
evaluate this concern by discussing evidence for the United States on two relevant topics:
the labor market integration of immigrants, and the impact of immigration on the wages and
employment opportunities of native workers. In these dimensions, the overall labor market
performance of U.S. immigrants seems quite favorable. U.S. immigrants have little trouble
finding jobs, and this is particularly true of unskilled immigrants. Most U.S. immigrants
experience substantial earnings growth as they adapt to the American labor market. For
most immigrant groups, the U.S.-born second generation has achieved socioeconomic parity
with mainstream society; for some Hispanic groups, however, this is not the case. On the
whole, immigration to the United States has not had large adverse consequences for the
labor market opportunities of native workers. Therefore, with regard to the economic
integration and labor market impacts of immigration, it is not obvious that the seemingly
haphazard nature of U.S. immigration policy has led to unfavorable outcomes
Lumley's energy cascade dissipation rate model for boundary-free turbulent shear flows
True dissipation occurs mainly at the highest wavenumbers where the eddy sizes are comparatively small. These high wavenumbers receive their energy through the spectral cascade of energy starting with the largest eddies spilling energy into the smaller eddies, passing through each wavenumber until it is dissipated at the microscopic scale. However, a small percentage of the energy does not spill continuously through the cascade but is instantly passed to the higher wavenumbers. Consequently, the smallest eddies receive a certain amount of energy almost immediately. As the spectral energy cascade continues, the highest wavenumber needs a certain time to receive all the energy which has been transferred from the largest eddies. As such, there is a time delay, of the order of tau, between the generation of energy by the largest eddies and the eventual dissipation of this energy. For equilibrium turbulence at high Reynolds numbers, there is a wide range where energy is neither produced by the large eddies nor dissipated by viscosity, but is conserved and passed from wavenumber to higher wavenumbers. The rate at which energy cascades from one wavenumber to another is proportional to the energy contained within that wavenumber. This rate is constant and has been used in the past as a dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. However, this is true only in steady, equilibrium turbulence. Most dissipation models contend that the production of dissipation is proportional to the production of energy and that the destruction of dissipation is proportional to the destruction of energy. In essence, these models state that the change in the dissipation rate is proportional to the change in the kinetic energy. This assumption is obviously incorrect for the case where there is no production of turbulent energy, yet energy continues to cascade from large to small eddies. If the time lag between the onset on the energy cascade to the destruction of energy at the microscale can be modeled, then there will be a better representation of the dissipation process. Development of an energy cascade time scale equation is discussed
Why do people live apart together?
Interpretations of living apart together (LAT) have typically counter-posed 'new family form' versus 'continuist' perspectives. Recent surveys, however, construct LAT as a heterogeneous category that supports a 'qualified continuist' position – most people live apart as a response to practical circumstances or as a modern version of 'boy/girlfriend', although a minority represents something new in preferring to live apart more permanently. This article interrogates this conclusion by examining in depth why people live apart together, using a nationally representative survey from Britain and interview accounts from 2011. Our analysis shows that LAT as a category contains different sorts of relationship, with different needs and desires. While overall coupledom remains pivotal and cohabitation remains the goal for most, LAT allows people flexibility and room to manoeuvre in adapting couple intimacy to the demands of contemporary life. Hence, we suggest, LAT is both 'new' and a 'continuation'
Adsorption of 3-chloroaniline on potato skin in aqueous solution
The adsorption behaviour of aromatic amine 3-chloroaniline (3-CA) from aqueous solution on fresh potato skin was investigated. A series of batch experiments were conducted under different experimental conditions of contact time, 3-chloroaniline concentration, weight of potato skin, pH, temperature, and ionic strength using RP-HPLC analysis. Adsorption equilibrium of 3-chloroaniline at concentration of 10 µg/mL on 1 g weight of chopped potato skin was achieved in 24 hours. Using different varieties of potato skin showed that the adsorption of 3-CA on Nicola variety is higher compared to Sante and Maris Peer varieties. Adsorption on potato skin was found to be generally higher compared to cortex and pith tissues. Analysis of adsorption isotherm shows that equilibrium data was fitted to Freundlich model (R² = 0.977). Maximum adsorption capacities of 3-chloroaniline were found in the pH range from 3 to 9, whereas low adsorption quantities were found in high acidic and high basic solutions (pH 2 and pH 13, resp.). Adsorption capacity increased with an increase in temperature from 4°C to 30°C but decreased with further increase of temperature to 40°C. Testing the ionic strength showed that increasing the concentration of electrolyte reduces the adsorption efficiency. This study indicated that the fresh potato skin (without any treatment) is possible to use as a new adsorbent for removal of 3-chloroaniline from industrial waste water
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