Nkulikiyinka, Jean-Baptiste. – Introduction à la danse rwandaise traditionnelle

Au-delà de l’essai érudit dressant un large panorama de la diversité des formes chorégraphiques rwandaises, l’auteur nous offre un détour artistique pertinent pour saisir l’histoire à la fois institutionnelle et sociale du Rwanda. S’il est devenu commun d’affirmer que l’art constitue un reflet stylisé mais fidèle de la société, cet ouvrage nous en administre la preuve. Par l’examen minutieux des danses traditionnelles rwandaises, nous découvrons un système de pensée et de représentation du mo..

AphanoDB: a genomic resource for Aphanomyces pathogens.

BACKGROUND: The Oomycete genus Aphanomyces comprises devastating plant and animal pathogens. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenicity of Aphanomyces species. In this study, we report on the development of a public database called AphanoDB which is dedicated to Aphanomyces genomic data. As a first step, a large collection of Expressed Sequence Tags was obtained from the legume pathogen A. euteiches, which was then processed and collected into AphanoDB. DESCRIPTION: Two cDNA libraries of A. euteiches were created: one from mycelium growing on synthetic medium and one from mycelium grown in contact to root tissues of the model legume Medicago truncatula. From these libraries, 18,684 expressed sequence tags were obtained and assembled into 7,977 unigenes which were compared to public databases for annotation. Queries on AphanoDB allow the users to retrieve information for each unigene including similarity to known protein sequences, protein domains and Gene Ontology classification. Statistical analysis of EST frequency from the two different growth conditions was also added to the database. CONCLUSION: AphanoDB is a public database with a user-friendly web interface. The sequence report pages are the main web interface which provides all annotation details for each unigene. These interactive sequence report pages are easily available through text, BLAST, Gene Ontology and expression profile search utilities. AphanoDB is available from URL: http://www.polebio.scsv.ups-tlse.fr/aphano/

Port-de-Bouc – La villa de la Baumasse (EA 597)

L’existence d’un établissement antique implanté en bord de plage en rive nord de la pointe de la Baumasse, avancée rocheuse qui ferme à l’est le golfe de Fos, est connue depuis le xixe s. Des vestiges de murs d’époque romaine, ainsi qu’une forte concentration de mobilier (ier-iiie s. apr. J.-C.) indiquent la présence d’une villa maritime tournée vers le port antique de Fos, qui n’a pas fait l’objet d’étude spécifique depuis les premiers relevés établis par A. Saurel (1865) et E. Franck (1903)..

Screening of Phytophagous and Xylophagous Insects Guts Microbiota Abilities to Degrade Lignocellulose in Bioreactor

Microbial consortia producing specific enzymatic cocktails are present in the gut of phytophagous and xylophagous insects; they are known to be the most efficient ecosystems to degrade lignocellulose. Here, the ability of these consortia to degrade ex vivo lignocellulosic biomass in anaerobic bioreactors was characterized in term of bioprocess performances, enzymatic activities and bacterial community structure. In a preliminary screening, guts of Ergates faber (beetle), Potosia cuprea (chafer), Gromphadorrhina portentosa (cockroach), Locusta migratoria (locust), and Gryllus bimaculatus (cricket) were inoculated in anaerobic batch reactors, in presence of grounded wheat straw at neutral pH. A short duration fermentation of less than 8 days was observed and was related to a drop of pH from 7 to below 4.5, leading to an interruption of gas and metabolites production. Consistently, a maximum of 180 mgeq.COD of metabolites accumulated in the medium, which was related to a low degradation of the lignocellulosic biomass, with a maximum of 5 and 2.2% observed for chafer and locust gut consortia. The initial cell-bound and extracellular enzyme activities, i.e., xylanase and β-endoglucanase, were similar to values observed in the literature. Wheat straw fermentation in bioreactors leads to an increase of cell-bounded enzyme activities, with an increase of 145% for cockroach xylanase activity. Bacterial community structures were insect dependent and mainly composed of Clostridia, Bacteroidia and Gammaproteobacteria. Improvement of lignocellulose biodegradation was operated in successive batch mode at pH 8 using the most interesting consortia, i.e., locust, cockroaches and chafer gut consortia. In these conditions, lignocellulose degradation increased significantly: 8.4, 10.5, and 21.0% of the initial COD were degraded for chafer, cockroaches and locusts, respectively in 15 days. Consistently, xylanase activity tripled for the three consortia, attesting the improvement of the process. Bacteroidia was the major bacterial class represented in the bacterial community for all consortia, followed by Clostridia and Gammaproteobacteria classes. This work demonstrates the possibility to maintain apart of insect gut biological activity ex vivo and shows that lignocellulose biodegradation can be improved by using a biomimetic approach. These results bring new insights for the optimization of lignocellulose degradation in bioreactors

Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) host-plant variants: two host strains or two distinct species?

International audienceThe moth Spodoptera frugiperda is a well-known pest of crops throughout the Americas, which consists of two strains adapted to different host-plants: the first feeds preferentially on corn, cotton and sorghum whereas the second is more associated with rice and several pasture grasses. Though morphologically indistinguishable, they exhibit differences in their mating behavior, pheromone compositions, and show development variability according to the host-plant. Though the latter suggest that both strains are different species, this issue is still highly controversial because hybrids naturally occur in the wild, not to mention the discrepancies among published results concerning mating success between the two strains. In order to clarify the status of the two host-plant strains of S. frugiperda, we analyze features that possibly reflect the level of post-zygotic isolation: (1) first generation (F1) hybrid lethality and sterility; (2) patterns of meiotic segregation of hybrids in reciprocal second generation (F2), as compared to the meiosis of the two parental strains. We found a significant reduction of mating success in F1 in one direction of the cross and a high level of microsatellite markers showing transmission ratio distortion in the F2 progeny. Our results support the existence of post-zygotic reproductive isolation between the two laboratory strains and are in accordance with the marked level of genetic differentiation that was recovered between individuals of the two strains collected from the field. Altogether these results provide additional evidence in favor of a sibling species status for the two strains

Anthropologie historique du combat et de la violence de guerre au XXe siècle

Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, directeur d’études Le corps du guerrier (XIXe-XXIe siècle) Le séminaire a consacré sa troisième et dernière année à la thématique de la corporéité combattante dans un segment chronologique large, allant du début du XIXe siècle aux conflits les plus récents. Cette année, la double question du vêtement-pour-le-combat (cette enveloppe corporelle d’une grande importance matérielle et symbolique) et des armes (d’une importance non moindre, au titre d’objet littéralement in..

Anthropologie historique du combat et de la violence de guerre au XXe siècle

Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, directeur d’études Le corps du guerrier (XIXe-XXIe siècle) La première séance du séminaire, consacré pour la seconde année à la question de la corporéité guerrière, a fait l’objet d’une mise au point méthodologique et épistémologique de la part du directeur du séminaire, autour de l’embranchement manqué de l’historiographie française, après 1945, vers les questions liées à la conflictualité : les trois figures de Marc Bloch, Germaine Tillion et Fernand Braudel ont été..

Anthropologie historique du combat et de la violence de guerre au XXe siècle

Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, directeur d’étudesManon Pignot, maitre de conférences à l’Université d’AmiensEmmanuel Saint-Fuscien, postdoctorantVictor Demiaux, Franziska Heimburger, allocataires-moniteurs normaliens à l’EHESSDamien Baldin, doctorantGalit Haddad, postdoctorante La Première Guerre mondiale, guerre du XIXe, guerre du XXe siècle La première séance du séminaire fut consacrée à histoire comparée/histoire croisée. Élise Julien a rappelé les principaux enjeux d’une approche comparée entre..

Anthropologie historique du combat et de la violence de guerre au XXe siècle

Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, directeur d’étudesManon Pignot, maitre de conférences à l’Université d’AmiensEmmanuel Saint-Fuscien, postdoctorantVictor Demiaux, Franziska Heimburger, allocataires-moniteurs normaliens à l’EHESSDamien Baldin, doctorantGalit Haddad, postdoctorante La Première Guerre mondiale, guerre du XIXe, guerre du XXe siècle La première séance du séminaire fut consacrée à histoire comparée/histoire croisée. Élise Julien a rappelé les principaux enjeux d’une approche comparée entre..