\u3cem\u3eFirst Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan\u3c/em\u3e and the Kompetenz-Kompetenz Principle

In 1995, the United States Supreme Court in First Options of Chicago, Incorporated v. Kaplan considered whether arbitral tribunals or courts should have the primary power to decide if parties agreed to arbitrate the merits of the dispute and whether the court of appeals should accept the district court\u27s findings of fact and law or apply a de novo standard of review. The Court unanimously held that, unless the parties clearly and unmistakably provide otherwise, the question of whether the parties agreed to arbitrate is to be decided by the court, not the arbitral tribunal. Furthermore, in such a case, the court of appeals should not accept the district court\u27s findings of fact, but rather apply de novo standard of review. This note will examine the First Options decision and discuss the effects of the case on lower court decisions in applying its reasoning. The purpose of this article is not to argue that the power to determine the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal should rest with the courts rather than with the arbitral tribunal, nor vice versa. Rather, the purpose of this article is to point out the need for clearer guidance, as well as provide insight into some of the potential solutions to these problems

Be quiet and you'll keep young: does mTOR underlie p53 action in protecting against senescence by favoring quiescence?

Commentary on: O Leontieva and M Blagosklonny. DNA damaging agents and p53 do not cause senescence in quiescent cells, while consecutive re‐activation of mTOR is associated with conversion to senescence. Aging. 2010; 12:924‐935.International audienc

Social and Psychological Underpinning of the Bar-Tal and Antebi's Concept of General Siege Mentality within Different Ethnic Groups

The aim of this research was to find out 1 whether social alienation right-wing authoritarianism RWA and primary psychopathy are significant predictors of Daniel Bar-Tal Dikla Antebi s concept of general siege mentality GSM and 2 whether the components of the path model are invariant across different ethnic groups The survey was carried out on the adult population in the region of eastern Croatia where live Croats and Serbian ethnic minority and in the northern region of Serbia where live the members of Croatian ethnic minority The Province of Vojvodina The convenience and purposive sample consisted of 1431 full aged participants Multiple-group analysis of structural invariance was used to test whether differences observed in the structural parameters across different ethnic groups are statistically significant All path estimates were significant in the expected direction and indicated much similarity in structural relationships across different ethnic groups It might be concluded that social alienation right-wing authoritarianism and primary psychopathy had expressed the causal effects on emerging general siege mentality across different ethnic groups The structural paths for different ethnic groups can be considered identical if Chi-square does not reveal a statistically significant difference between unconstrained and constrained models It was found out that difference in path estimates for different ethnic groups had not been significant which means that constrained multiple group model was accepted Results showed that ethnic belongings did not significantly moderate relations between variables About 36 of the variance of general siege mentality was explained by social alienation right-wing authoritarianism and primary psychopathy for the full sample in the accepted constrained model There is an evidence that a more complex and severe political-psychological disorder is underpinning the Bar-Tal Antebi s concept of general sieg

Uporedna analiza proizvodnje različitih nasadnih kategorija šarana u poluintenzivnom sistemu gajenja

Šaran (Cyprinus carpio) je kao slatkovodna vrsta široko zastupljena kada je u pitanju farmsko gajenje riba u centralnoj i istočnoj Evropi. Na području Srbije, “klasična” poluintenzivna proizvodnja je dominantan tip gajenja riba, sa preko 95% ukupno proizvedenog šarana, a zasnovana je na kombinaciji prirodne i dodatne hrane (žitarica i smeša koncentrata). Kada je reč o gajenju različitih kategorija šarana u okviru jednog proizvodnog objekta, uglavnom se pristupa gajenju samo jedne kategorije. Razlog tome su jednostavniji i manji manipulativni procesi prilikom izlova kao i sama ishrana riba, naročito kad su u pitanju žitarice i ručno hranjenje. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se analiziraju mogućnosti gajenja mešanog nasada različitih kategorija šarana u odnosu na gajenje samo jedne kategorije. Eksperiment je realizovan na proizvodnom ribnjaku OZZ “Despotovo“ iz Despotova. U toku jedne proizvodne sezone, na ribnjačkim površinama A, B i C, analiziran je uticaj kombinovanog i nezavisnog gajenja dvogodišnjeg (S1+) i konzumnog šarana (S2+) na proizvodne karakteristike u poluintenzivnom sistemu gajenja, upotrebom peletirane hrane. Na osnovu dobijenih podataka o masi riba i količine potrošene hrane, dobijeni su rezultati ostvarenog prirasta (BWG) i koeficijenta konverzije hrane (FCR). Gajenjem jedne kategorije šarana ostvaren je bolji BWG nego kombinovanim gajenjem dve uzrasne kategorije riba u okviru istog proizvodnog objekta. Rezultati ostvarenog prirasta pokazali su razlike između jezera (A = 2 287 kg/ha; B = 1 399 kg/ha; C = 988 kg/ha). Razlog tome je potencijal prirasta nasađenih kategorija riba, jer se kod S1+ ostvaruje oko 3 puta veći prirast nego pri gajenju starije kategorije (S2+). FCR je takođe bio najniži pri gajenju samo S1+ (2.26). Pri kombinovanom gajenju S1+ i S2+ vrednost FCR bila viša (2.41) nego u jezeru A, ali i znatno niža nego pri gajenju S2+ u jezeru C (3.2). Korišćenje peletirane hrane sa višim sadržajem proteina (35/7), dodatno je uticalo na postizanje boljih rezultata kod S1+ gajene u jezeru A, nego kod S1+ i S2+ gajene u jezerima B i C. Ovo potvrđuju i drugi istraživači, koji ukazuju da je prirast riba bolji ukoliko je riba hranjena smešom sa većim sadržajem proteina, posebno onih životinjskog porekla. Razlike u FCR-u se pripisuju bržem metabolizmu koji je prisutan kod mlađih kategorija riba. Na osnovu vrednosti ostvarenog prirasta riba, gajenjem samo S1+ (A = 2 287 kg/ha) ili S2+ (C = 988 kg/ha), postiže se za 10% niža vrednost nego pri kombinovanom gajenju S1+ i S2+ (B = 1 399 kg/ha). Razlog tome je što mlađe kategorije riba (usled zbijenijih branhiospina) bolje iskorišćavaju sitnije organizme koji čine prirodnu hranu, kao i sitnije frakcije dodatne hrane koja se brže raspada u vodi kada se u ishrani riba koristi peletirana hrana. Moglo bi se zaključiti da se bolji rezultati BWG i FCR ostvaruju ukoliko se gaji samo jedna kategorija riba. Međutim, na osnovu preračunatog odnosa u nasadu S1+ i S2+ (20 : 80) u okviru istog jezera i ostvarenog prirasta (kg/ha) u individualnom gajenju, može se zaključiti da je prirast viši za oko 10% pri gajenju mešanog nasada S1+ i S2+

C-axis optical properties of high Tc cuprates

A review is given of the experimental status of the interlayer coupling energy in the cuprates. A second c-axis plasmon is identified in the double layer compound Y123 for various dopings. The anomalous transport properties along the c-direction and in the planar directions are compared to model calculations based on strongly anisotropic scattering. An excellent description of the optical data at optimal doping is obtained if an anomalously large anisotropy of the scattering rate between cold spots and hot spots is assumed. This raises questions as to the physical meaning of these parameters.Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX, espcrc2.sty, 3 figures in encapsulated postscript forma

Visual Climate Change Communication: From Iconography To Locally Framed 3D Visualization

Climate change is an urgent problem with implications registered not only globally, but also on national and local scales. It is a particularly challenging case of environmental communication because its main cause, greenhouse gas emissions, is invisible. The predominant approach of making climate change visible is the use of iconic, often affective, imagery. Literature on the iconography of climate change shows that global iconic motifs, such as polar bears, have contributed to a public perception of the problem as spatially and temporally remote. This paper proposes an alternative approach to global climate change icons by focusing on recognizable representations of local impacts within an interactive game environment. This approach was implemented and tested in a research project based on the municipality of Delta, British Columbia. A major outcome of the research is Future Delta, an interactive educational game featuring 3D visualizations and simulation tools for climate change adaptation and mitigation future scenarios. The empirical evaluation is based on quantitative pre/post-game play questionnaires with 18 students and 10 qualitative expert interviews. The findings support the assumption that interactive 3D imagery is effective in communicating climate change. The quantitative post-questionnaires particularly highlight a shift in support of more local responsibility