Improving the anti-corrosion properties via surface modification for silicon dioxide by conductive polymer

The modification of silicon dioxide surface via polyaniline (PANI) prepared by in-situ polymerization method. PANI and PANI-SiO 2 were characterized using Fourier transform infrared; X-ray diffraction and digital multimeter was used to measure conductivities for samples. Morphology of the synthesized PANI and PANI-SiO2, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Samples were then used as pigments through blended with acrylic paint and applied on the surface of carbon steel panels. Corrosion was evaluated for coating of carbon steel panels through; full immersion test, salt spray test and adhesion test up to standards; ASTMG 31, ASTM B117 and ASTM D3359 respectively. Corrosion rate and coating adhesion were calculated after finished exposed periods in acidic Medias. Digital camera also used for monitored corrosion visually on the surface of carbon steel specimens. The results revealed that acrylic paint pigmented by SiO2 modified by polyaniline, more efficiently in corrosion protection for carbon steel than each of PANI and SiO2

Cognitive radio systems in LTE networks

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London.The most important fact in the mobile industry at the moment is that demand for wireless services will continue to expand in the coming years. Therefore, it is vital to find more spectrums through cognitive radios for the growing numbers of services and users. However, the spectrum reallocations, enhanced receivers, shared use, or secondary markets-will not likely, by themselves or in combination, meet the real exponential increases in demand for wireless resources. Network operators will also need to re-examine network architecture, and consider integrating the fibre and wireless networks to address this issue. This thesis involves driving fibre deeper into cognitive networks, deploying microcells connected through fibre infrastructure to the backbone LTE networks, and developing the algorithms for diverting calls between the wireless and fibre systems, introducing new coexistence models, and mobility management. This research addresses the network deployment scenarios to a microcell-aided cognitive network, specifically slicing the spectrum spatially and providing reliable coverage at either tier. The goal of this research is to propose new method of decentralized-to-distributed management techniques that overcomes the spectrum unavailability barrier overhead in ongoing and future deployments of multi-tiered cognitive network architectures. Such adjustments will propose new opportunities in cognitive radio-to-fibre systematic investment strategies. Specific contributions include: 1) Identifying the radio access technologies and radio over fibre solution for cognitive network infrastructure to increase the uplink capacity analysis in two-tier networks. 2) Coexistence of macro and microcells are studied to propose a roadmap for optimising the deployment of cognitive microcells inside LTE macrocells in the case of considering radio over fibre access systems. 3) New method for roaming mobiles moving between microcells and macrocell coverage areas is proposed for managing spectrum handover, operator database, authentication and accounting by introducing the channel assigning agent entity. The ultimate goal is to reduce unnecessary channel adaptation

Prophetic Eloquence After the Revelation of the Quranic verses

Ancient and modern Muslims unanimously agree that Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, was the most eloquent of the Arabs. The clearest in articulation, the most virtuous in speech, the most rhetorical in dialect, and the most upright in debate to the extent that he knew all Arabs' dialects as he spoke to each tribe by its dialects. But the question is, from where did he acquire all this eloquence? And was his unique eloquence before or after the Qur'an revelation? Scholars have contradicted the origin of his eloquence and its basis in divisions. First, they attributed it to his origin and lineage from Quraish claiming that Quraish is the most eloquent of the Arabs. Second, they attributed it to his growing up in Bani Sa'd as they are the most eloquent Arabs as well. Third, they linked it to his origins from Quraish and growing up in Bani Sa'd, and thus Prophet Mohammed. Therefore, he combined the abundance of the words of the desert and the splendor of the present speech. Fourth, some of them timidly claimed that his eloquence, lineage, and growing up were divinely inspired without explaining that it was before or after the revelation of the Qur'an. In the fifth division, which they did not mention, and which I have clarified, highlighted, and preferred: His high eloquence was exclusively after Islam with divine inspiration and support, to match his eloquence with the eloquence of the Qur'an, or close to it. In this regard, Allah distinguished him from all the Arabs by having a clear Arabic tongue, so he gave him the gist of the words, shortened the speech for him, and gave him the Qur'an and the same of it with him. Thus, his eloquence would be a sign and a miracle that would silence the Arabs, who were distinguished by the virtue of language, eloquence, and the art of speech, such as poetry and rhetoric, and they were submissive to their owners. Before the prophethood and the revelation of the Qur'an, he was neither the most eloquent of the Arabs nor the most eloquent of the Quraish. Rather, he was not distinguished in his eloquence from his peers, especially from the Quraishites who grew up like him in the Bani Sa'd, but his normal, natural eloquence before the revelation of the Qur'an was the evidence of his prophethood and the inimitability of the Qur'an. As he was unable to read or write and did not know poetry so that disbelievers would not be suspicious, he was also not different from his peers in his eloquence so that the disbelievers would not be suspicious, and then they claim that he was distinguished in the arts of speech, so he brought a new system and attributed it to Allah. One of the prerequisites for prophecy, communication, explanation, and understanding of the Noble Qur'an was that he be the most eloquent of the Arabs, and the most knowledgeable of them with God's revealed words in the official literary language of the Arabs. Also, it is not correct for the Arabs to be more eloquent or more understanding than him in the language of the Qur'an and in the words of the Arabs. Without the prophecy, he would not have been the most eloquent of Arabs; because he spent forty years before that he was not distinguished from his peers by his rare eloquence, nor has his people prevailed in his eloquence, so how can he prevail with this natural eloquence of all Arabs? In addition to explaining the secrets of his eloquence and its causes, we have reached new conclusions in explaining the sayings of the scholars and their differences with evidence, rationale, and transmission arguments, which are significant additions to his biography and distinguished eloquence. Keywords: Prophetic, eloquence, eloquent of the Arabs, Qurais

Development of a Two-Level Warping Algorithm and Its Application to Speech Signal Processing

In many different fields there are signals that need to be aligned or “warped” in order to measure the similarity between them. When two time signals are compared, or when a pattern is sought in a larger stream of data, it may be necessary to warp one of the signals in a nonlinear way by compressing or stretching it to fit the other. Simple point-to-point comparison may give inadequate results, because one part of the signal might be comparing different relative parts of the other signal/pattern. Such cases need some sort of alignment todo the comparison. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is a powerful and widely used technique of time series analysis which performs such nonlinear warping in temporal domain. The work in this dissertation develops in two directions. The first direction is to extend the this dynamic time warping to produce a two-level dynamic warping algorithm, with warping in both temporal and spectral domains. While there have been hundreds of research efforts in the last two decades that have applied and used the one-dimensional warping process idea between time series, extending DTW method to two or more dimensions poses a more involved problem. The two-dimensional dynamic warping algorithm developed here for a variety of speech signal processing is ideally suited. The second direction is focused on two speech signal applications. The First application is the evaluation of dysarthric speech. Dysarthria is a neurological motor speech disorder, which characterized by spectral and temporal degradation in speech production. Dysarthria management has focused primarily teaching patients to improve their ability to produce speech or strategies to compensate for their deficits. However, many individuals with dysarthria are not well-suited for traditional speaker-oriented intervention. Recent studies have shown that speech intelligibility can be improved by training the listener to better understand the degraded speech signal. A computer-based training tool was developed using a two-level dynamic warping algorithm to eventually be incorporated into a program that trains listeners to learn to imitate dysarthric speech by providing subjects with feedback about the accuracy of their imitation attempts during training. The second application is voice transformation. Voice transformation techniques aims to modify a subject’s voice characteristics to make them sound like someone else, for example from a male speaker to female speaker. The approach taken here avoids the need to find acoustic parameters as many voice transformation methods do, and instead deals directly with spectral information. Based on the two-Level DW it is straightforward to map the source speech to target speech when both are available. The resulted spectral warping signal produced as described above introduces significant processing artifacts. Phase reconstruction was applied to the transformed signal to improve the quality of the final sound. Neural networks are trained to perform the voice transformation

An examination of the impact of the oil prices and economic determinants on India's economic development

The economic development of developing nations has been impacted by several factors, including the fluctuation of oil and other commodity prices due to environmental and economic degradation. This issue requires the attention of contemporary researchers and policymakers. Consequently, the current study investigates the effect of oil prices and economic determinants such as the wholesale price index, the consumer price index, inflation, and industrialization on the growth of the Indian economy. The study utilized the World Bank database from 1986 to 2020 to collect secondary data. The researchers used the Dynamic Auto-regressive Distributed Lags (DARDL) method to examine the relationships between the study's variables. The findings revealed that oil prices, the wholesale price index, the consumer price index, inflation, and industrialization positively affect India's economic growth. This study assists policymakers in formulating economic development policies with the proper emphasis on oil price fluctuations and economic determinants.Haidar Ali Al Dulaimi (College of Business and Economics, University of Babylon, Iraq)Includes bibliographical references

The Organizational Justice of the Administrative Leaders and its Impact on Employees' Career Performance

Abstract. The aim of this study is to help us to know the degree of Organizational Justice practiced by the administrative leaders in Baghdad for Economic Sciences and of Al-Ma'mun privet university colleges in Baghdad and its relationship to the employees' work or Career Performance. In order to achieve this goal, the study will seek to answer the following questions:What is the degree of Organizational Justice practiced by the administrative leaders in the discussed colleges from the employees' point of view?What is level of work or Career Performance of employees from the point of view of their leaders?The study's society is formed from administrative leaders, heads of departments and discussed faculties. Researchers will use a questionnaire for data collection and it will include, the responder's demographic information, the measuring tool for the Organizational Justice practiced by the administrative leaders, the measurement of Career Performance of their employees. Study Tools has been verified by bringing it to the attention of the arbitrators of jurisdiction, and verification of the appropriateness of using the test method and the test. For answering the questions of the study researchers will use arithmetic averages, standard deviations and Pearson Linklabs

The Effect of Age in the Shape of the Spermatozoa Frozen Friesian Bulls

 تهدف الدراسة الحالية فيما إذا كانت هنالك أي اختلافات في شكل وأبعاد النطف للثيران، لمعرفة نضوج النطف واختيار السائل المنوي لتجميده لكي يستعمل في التلقيح الاصطناعي. في الوقت الحاضر أصبح الشكل المورفولوجي للنطف يشكل عنصرا مهما في تقويم السائل المنوي واختبار أفضل النطف السوية من حيث الإبعاد والشكل. قسمت الثيران حسب الأعمار إلى ثلاثة مجاميع بواقع 4 ثيران لكل مجموعة، الأولى 2-4 سنوات، الثانية 4-6 سنوات والثالثة 6-8 سنوات.اخذ السائل المنوي من كل مجموعة عشوائياً وفحصت النطف الناضجة والسليمة، بعد ذلك أخذت القياسات التالية بواسطة الحاسوب. قيس طول وعرض ومحيط ومساحة رأس النطفه، و قيست الصفات الشكلية لرأس ألنطفه الاهليليجيه والخشونة (التعضن) والاستطالة والانتظام لرأس ألنطفه. سجل طول الرأس أعلى قيمه على مستوى ((P<00.5 في فئة 6-8 سنوات بقيمة (8.20) مايكرون وفئة 2-4 سنوات هي الأقل (7.81) مايكرون، إما العرض فقد تفوقت الفئة الثالثة على الفئتين الأخريين بقيمة (4.51) مايكرون. وتفوقت الفئة الثالثة لمحيط ومساحة رأس النطفة على باقي الفئات العمرية بقيمة قدرها  (24.51) (29.50) مايكرون على التوالي، أما الاهليليجيه والخشونة فسجلت فئة 2-4 سنوات أعلى قيمه (1.85) (0.96) مايكرون على التوالي، وكذلك تفوقت الفئة الأولى بقيمة (0.30) مايكرون في الاستطالة وسجلت الفئة الثالثة 6-8 سنوات قيمه أعلى من الفئة الأولى والثانية في انتظام شكل النطفه.          من خلال هذه النتائج يمكن إن نستنتج أنه كلما تقدم الثور في العمر أصبح شكل النطفه أفضل وبالتالي يمكن اختيار سائله المنوي في التجميد.This study was aimed to determine whether there are any differences in the shape and dimensions of bulls sperm using different ages, as well as to know the maturity of the sperm, then choose the bull for insemination or to freeze the taken semen to be used in artificial insemination. Now a day become morphology shape for sperm important item in the valuation of the semen and chose the best normal sperm whence dimension and shape. Methods were used and bulls were classified by age into three groups, the first group includes 4 bulls aged 2-4 years, the second group includes 4 bulls 4-6 years old, the third group includes 4 bulls 6-8 years old. Semen of each group was taken randomly and the mature and intact semen were examined. The results were revealed that the highest value of head’s length (6-8 years category) was (8.20), while for 4-2 years category was the least (7.81). For the width, the third category was recorded the highest (4.51) along with the other. The Ellipticity inducts that 4-2 years group was the highest value (1.85), while for elongation character the 2-4 years group was the highest with (0.3) compared with the other.           It can be concluded our study in the current to the next score whenever the bull offers in the form of life has become the best sperm beltala can choose sperm in the freezer

Houses of Worship in Fallujah in the Ottoman and Royal Eras

This research tackles in detail the houses of Islamic worship and others in Fallujah since its contemporary creation following the construction of the wooden Ottoman bridge in 1885. An Ottoman Firman was issued in 1899-1900 to make the village of Fallujah a town and the administrative center of the surrounding area, a position it retained until the end of the monarchy in 1958. The study sheds new light on the ways in which houses of worship convey a vivid picture of the faith, doctrinal beliefs, and religiosity of the town’s citizens. These houses of worship also offer insights into the conduct and daily activities of the citizens as they seek to achieve prosperity while adhering to the teachings and guidance of their Creator and Prophet. With the will and divine patronage, the contemporary town of Fallujah has been closely associated with its first mosque, founded in 1898 by Kazem Pasha (may Allah have mercy on him). The mosque highlights the dedication of the early Fallujah people to their religion, the first building project they undertook when Fallujah was made a town. The establishment of a mosque displays their devotion to the work of their Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) when he entered the town of Yathrib as an immigrant. The mosque was designed to be the religious and moral centre of the town, and reflecting the fact that the life, pride, renaissance and education of its people start from the mosque. This blessed work conveys a divine blessing upon the modern contemporary town, making it famous within a short time of its founding as if it is a heavenly message to those who raise the remembrance of God, in reward may Allah raise his remembrance. Because of the great expansion of the town, other houses of worship were established, including temple (the synagogue) which the people of Fallujah call (the Torah) in 1915, to be the second house of worship. This construction signals the importance of the Jews in Fallujah as well as highlighting the lack of religions or sectarian intolerance amongst the early people of Fallujah who did not oppose the construction of a house of worship for a second, minority religion. This also shows that they lived in affection, compassion, peace and respect for all religions and nationalities. This study also displays the wonderful and diverse Fallujian fabric at the beginning of the formation of their contemporary town, a diverse societal mosaic, as if it were a miniature Iraq. This religious diversity and tolerance was an important feature of Fallujah during its formative years as it grew rapidly. As the population expanded, additional mosques were needed to accommodate all the worshipers. The Shaker al-Dahi Mosque which was constructed in 1948, followed by the Al-Siddiq Mosque in 1950, and then the Al- Farouq Mosque in 1953. In addition, there were a number of small mosques scattered around the town, such as the Mulla Wahib Mosque, founded in 1936 and later called the Mosque of Saadoun, and the Mulla Ahmed Sarhan Abdali Mosque which was founded on the ruins of the Siddiq Mosque. Each house of worship gives us unique glimpses of the history of the emergence of the neighborhood in which it was founded. The growing number of mosques from 1948 onwards undersxcores the dramatic and rapid expansion of Fallujah during the first 50 years following its inception. The population doubled, and started competing in the construction and reconstruction of mosques until the town came to be called ‘the town of mosques’ and ‘the town of the gloried people’. Keywords: The history of Fallujah, The Waqf Mosque, The Great Mosque, The Torah (The Synagogue), Al-Saadoun Mosque, Shaker Al- Dahi Mosque, Al- Sidiq Mosque , Abu Baker , Al-Faruq Mosque, Omar Bin Al-Khattab

Enhanced oil recovery by smart water injection in sandstone reservoirs (Malaysian Crude Oil)

Recently, the scale of studies on smart water – one of EOR method - has increased. From decades, water flooding is one of the most used methods to increase oil recovery. However, more effective in sandstone reservoirs is injecting low salinity brine. Due to changing wettability, improved oil mobility in pores can be reached. The studies show, that the significant increase of oil recovery might be achieved. Main objective of the project is to answer the question: Can “smart water” be used to enhance oil recovery in Malaysian sandstone reservoirs. Laboratory experiments and field tests show that it can enhance the oil recovery over conventional higher salinity water flooding. Until now, the mechanism behind low salinity water flooding is under consideration for further discussions, but it is generally accepted that low salinity water flooding improves microscopic sweep efficiency by modifying rock wettability. For low salinity condition, it has been suggested that desorption of polar oil components as result of pH increase makes the rock more water-wet. In this project, three core flood experiments will be performed to determine the effect of different water salinities on the oil recovery. Two homogeneous reservoir cores which contain active clays with crude oil which has enough polar organic compounds will be used during the experiments. All experiments were conducted at reservoir temperature, around 100°C. Core flood effluents will be sampled regularly to investigate crude oil-brine-rock interactions by measuring pH, density, and different ions concentration of produced water. Comparison between the results of the three types of water and its effect on the recovery factor will be conducted