Patrick Cingolani (dir.), Un travail sans limites ? Subordination, tensions, résistances

Cet ouvrage collectif cherche à sonder toutes les limites du travail, à en mesurer les franchissements, à en tester les porosités. Les contributions qu’il rassemble abordent différentes situations professionnelles considérées comme étant aux marges du travail. La méthode a consisté, selon les termes de l’ouvrage à « arpenter les seuils pour interroger les significations », c’est-à-dire questionner le sens qu’il faut attribuer à ces nouvelles transformations dans le travail. Le parti-pris de l..

Simulation-Based Finite-Sample Tests for Heteroskedasticity and ARCH Effects

A wide range of tests for heteroskedasticity have been proposed in the econometric and statistics literature. Although a few exact homoskedasticity tests are available, the commonly employed procedures are quite generally based on asymptotic approximations which may not provide good size control in finite samples. There has been a number of recent studies that seek to improve the reliability of common heteroskedasticity tests using Edgeworth, Bartlett, jackknife and bootstrap methods. Yet the latter remain approximate. In this paper, we describe a solution to the problem of controlling the size of homoskedasticity tests in linear regression contexts. We study procedures based on the standard test statistics [e.g., the Goldfeld-Quandt, Glejser, Bartlett, Cochran, Hartley, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey, White and Szroeter criteria] as well as tests for autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH-type models). We also suggest several extensions of the existing procedures (sup-type of combined test statistics) to allow for unknown breakpoints in the error variance. We exploit the technique of Monte Carlo tests to obtain provably exact p-values, for both the standard and the new tests suggested. We show that the MC test procedure conveniently solves the intractable null distribution problem, in particular those raised by the sup-type and combined test statistics as well as (when relevant) unidentified nuisance parameter problems under the null hypothesis. The method proposed works in exactly the same way with both Gaussian and non-Gaussian disturbance distributions [such as heavy-tailed or stable distributions]. The performance of the procedures is examined by simulation. The Monte Carlo experiments conducted focus on : (1) ARCH, GARCH, and ARCH-in-mean alternatives; (2) the case where the variance increases monotonically with : (i) one exogenous variable, and (ii) the mean of the dependent variable; (3) grouped heteroskedasticity; (4) breaks in variance at unknown points. We find that the proposed tests achieve perfect size control and have good power.Un grand éventail de tests d'hétéroscédasticité a été proposé en économétrie et en statistique. Bien qu'il existe quelques tests d'homoscédasticité exacts, les procédures couramment utilisées sont généralement fondées sur des approximations asymptotiques qui ne procurent pas un bon contrôle du niveau dans les échantillons finis. Plusieurs études récentes ont tenté d'améliorer la fiabilité des tests d'hétéroscédasticité usuels, sur base de méthodes de type Edgeworth, Bartlett, jackknife et bootstrap. Cependant, ces méthodes demeurent approximatives. Dans cet article, nous décrivons une solution au problème de contrôle du niveau des tests d'homoscédasticité dans les modèles de régression linéaire. Nous étudions des procédures basées sur les critères de test standard [e.g., les critères de Goldfeld-Quandt, Glejser, Bartlett, Cochran, Hartley, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey, White et Szroeter], de même que des tests pour l'hétéroscédasticité autorégressive conditionnelle (les modèles de type ARCH). Nous suggérons plusieurs extensions des procédures usuelles (les statistiques de type-sup ou combinées) pour tenir compte de points de ruptures inconnus dans la variance des erreurs. Nous appliquons la technique des tests de Monte Carlo (MC) de façon à obtenir des seuils de signification marginaux (les valeurs-p) exacts pour les tests usuels et les nouveaux tests que nous proposons. Nous démontrons que la procédure de MC permet de résoudre les problèmes des distributions compliquées sous l'hypothèse nulle, en particulier ceux associés aux statistiques de type-sup, aux statistiques combinées et aux paramètres de nuisance non-identifiés sous l'hypothèse nulle. La méthode proposée fonctionne exactement de la même manière en présence de lois Gaussiennes et non Gaussiennes [comme par exemple les lois aux queues épaisses ou les lois stables]. Nous évaluons la performance des procédures proposées par simulation. Les expériences de Monte Carlo que nous effectuons portent sur : (1) les alternatives de type ARCH, GARCH et ARCH-en-moyenne; (2) le cas où la variance augmente de manière monotone en fonction : (i) d'une variable exogène, et (ii) de la moyenne de la variable dépendante; (3) l'hétéroscédasticité groupée; (4) les ruptures en variance à des points inconnus. Nos résultats montrent que les tests proposés permettent de contrôler parfaitement le niveau et ont une bonne puissance

Simulation-Based Finite-Sample Tests for Heteroskedasticity and ARCH Effects

A wide range of tests for heteroskedasticity have been proposed in the econometric and statistics literatures. Although a few exact homoskedasticity tests are available, the commonly employed procedures are quite generally based on asymptotic approximations which may not provide good size control in finite samples. There has been a number of recent studies that seek to improve the reliability of common heteroskedasticity tests using Edgeworth, Bartlett, jackknife and bootstrap methods. Yet the latter remain approximate. In this paper, we describe a solution to the problem of controlling the size of homoskedasticity tests in linear regression contexts. We study procedures based on the standard test statistics [e.g., the Goldfeld-Quandt, Glejser, Bartlett, Cochran, Hartley, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey, White and Szroeter criteria] as well as tests for autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH-type models). We also suggest several extensions of the existing procedures (sup-type or combined test statistics) to allow for unknown breakpoints in the error variance. We exploit the technique of Monte Carlo tests to obtain provably exact p-values, for both the standard and the new tests suggested. We show that the MC test procedure conveniently solves the intractable null distribution problem, in particular those raised by the sup-type and combined test statistics as well as (when relevant) unidentified nuisance parameter problems under the null hypothesis. The method proposed works in exactly the same way with both Gaussian and non-Gaussian disturbance distributions [such as heavy-tailed or stable distributions]. The performance of the procedures is examined by simulation. The Monte Carlo experiments conducted focus on: (1) ARCH, GARCH and ARCH-in-mean alternatives; (2) the case where the variance increases monotonically with: (i) one exogenous variable, and (ii) the mean of the dependent variable; (3) grouped heteroskedasticity; (4) breaks in variance at unknown points. We find that the proposed tests achieve perfect size control and have good power. Un grand éventail de tests d'hétéroskédasticité a été proposé en économétrie et en statistique. Bien qu'il existe quelques tests d'homoskédasticité exacts, les procédures couramment utilisées sont généralement fondées sur des approximations asymptotiques qui ne procurent pas un bon contrôle du niveau dans les échantillons finis. Plusieurs études récentes ont tenté d'améliorer la fiabilité des tests d'hétéroskédasticité usuels, sur base de méthodes de type Edgeworth, Bartlett, jackknife et bootstrap. Cependant, ces méthodes demeurent approximatives. Dans cet article, nous décrivons une solution au problème de contrôle du niveau des tests d'homoskédasticité dans les modèles de régression linéaire. Nous étudions des procédures basées sur les critères de test standards [e.g., les critères de Goldfeld-Quandt, Glejser, Bartlett, Cochran, Hartley, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey, White et Szroeter], de même que des tests pour l'hétéroskédasticité autorégressive conditionnelle (les modèles de type ARCH). Nous suggérons plusieurs extensions des procédures usuelles (les statistiques de type-sup ou combinées) pour tenir compte de points de ruptures inconnus dans la variance des erreurs. Nous appliquons la technique des tests de Monte Carlo (MC) de façon à obtenir des seuils de signification marginaux (les valeurs-p) exacts, pour les test usuels et les nouveaux tests que nous proposons. Nous démontrons que la procédure de MC permet de résoudre les problèmes des distributions compliquées sous l'hypothèse nulle, en particulier ceux associés aux statistiques de type-sup, aux statistiques combinées et aux paramètres de nuisance non-identifiés sous l'hypothèse nulle. La méthode proposée fonctionne exactement de la même manière en présence de lois Gaussiennes et non-Gaussiennes [comme par exemple les lois aux queues épaisses ou les lois stables]. Nous évaluons la performance des procédures proposées par simulation. Les expériences de Monte Carlo que nous effectuons portent sur: (1) les alternatives de type ARCH, GARCH and ARCH-en-moyenne; (2) le cas où la variance augmente de manière monotone en fonction: (i) d'une variable exogène, et (ii) de la moyenne de la variable dépendante; (3) l'hétéroskédasticité groupée; (4) les ruptures en variance à des points inconnus. Nos résultats montrent que les tests proposés permettent de contrôler parfaitement le niveau et ont une bonne puissance.Heteroskedasticity, homoskedasticity, linear regression, Monte Carlo test, exact test, finite-sample test, specification test, ARCH, GARCH, ARCH in mean, stable distribution, structural stability, hétéroskédasticité, homoskédasticité, régression linéaire, test de Monte Carlo, test exact, test valide en échantillon fini, test de spécification, ARCH, GARCH, ARCH-en-moyenne, distribution stable, stabilité structurelle

Spitzer observations of extragalactic H II regions - III. NGC 6822 and the hot star, H II region connection

Using the short-high module of the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope, we have measured the [S IV] 10.51, [Ne II] 12.81, [Ne III] 15.56, and [S III] 18.71-micron emission lines in nine H II regions in the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 6822. These lines arise from the dominant ionization states of the elements neon (Ne$^{++}$, Ne$^+$) and sulphur (S$^{3+}$, S$^{++}$), thereby allowing an analysis of the neon to sulphur abundance ratio as well as the ionic abundance ratios Ne$^+$/Ne$^{++}$ and S$^{3+}$/S$^{++}$. By extending our studies of H II regions in M83 and M33 to the lower metallicity NGC 6822, we increase the reliability of the estimated Ne/S ratio. We find that the Ne/S ratio appears to be fairly universal, with not much variation about the ratio found for NGC 6822: the median (average) Ne/S ratio equals 11.6 (12.2$\pm$0.8). This value is in contrast to Asplund et al.'s currently best estimated value for the Sun: Ne/S = 6.5. In addition, we continue to test the predicted ionizing spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from various stellar atmosphere models by comparing model nebulae computed with these SEDs as inputs to our observational data, changing just the stellar atmosphere model abundances. Here we employ a new grid of SEDs computed with different metallicities: Solar, 0.4 Solar, and 0.1 Solar. As expected, these changes to the SED show similar trends to those seen upon changing just the nebular gas metallicities in our plasma simulations: lower metallicity results in higher ionization. This trend agrees with the observations.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures. To be published in MNRAS. reference added and typos fixed. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0804.0828, which is paper II by Rubin et al. (2008

Crystal structure of Sar1-GDP at 1.7 Å resolution and the role of the NH2 terminus in ER export

The Sar1 GTPase is an essential component of COPII vesicle coats involved in export of cargo from the ER. We report the 1.7-Å structure of Sar1 and find that consistent with the sequence divergence of Sar1 from Arf family GTPases, Sar1 is structurally distinct. In particular, we show that the Sar1 NH2 terminus contains two regions: an NH2-terminal extension containing an evolutionary conserved hydrophobic motif that facilitates membrane recruitment and activation by the mammalian Sec12 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and an α1' amphipathic helix that contributes to interaction with the Sec23/24 complex that is responsible for cargo selection during ER export. We propose that the hydrophobic Sar1 NH2-terminal activation/recruitment motif, in conjunction with the α1' helix, mediates the initial steps in COPII coat assembly for export from the ER

Evaluation of the Tsima community mobilization intervention to improve engagement in HIV testing and care in South Africa: study protocol for a cluster randomized trial

Abstract Background HIV transmission can be decreased substantially by reducing the burden of undiagnosed HIV infection and expanding early and consistent use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Treatment as prevention (TasP) has been proposed as key to ending the HIV epidemic. To activate TasP in high prevalence countries, like South Africa, communities must be motivated to know their status, engage in care, and remain in care. Community mobilization (CM) has the potential to significantly increase uptake testing, linkage to and retention in care by addressing the primary social barriers to engagement with HIV care—including poor understanding of HIV care; fear and stigma associated with infection, clinic attendance and disclosure; lack of social support; and gender norms that deter men from accessing care. Methods/design Using a cluster randomized trial design, we are implementing a 3-year-theory-based CM intervention and comparing gains in HIV testing, linkage, and retention in care among individuals residing in 8 intervention communities to that of individuals residing in 7 control communities. Eligible communities include 15 villages within a health and demographic surveillance site (HDSS) in rural Mpumalanga, South Africa, that were not exposed to previous CM efforts. CM activities conducted in the 8 intervention villages map onto six mobilization domains that comprise the key components for community mobilization around HIV prevention. To evaluate the intervention, we will link a clinic-based electronic clinical tracking system in all area clinics to the HDSS longitudinal census data, thus creating an open, population-based cohort with over 30,000 18–49-year-old residents. We will estimate the marginal effect of the intervention on individual outcomes using generalized estimating equations. In addition, we will evaluate CM processes by conducting baseline and endline surveys among a random sample of 1200 community residents at each time point to monitor intervention exposure and community level change using validated measures of CM. Discussion Given the known importance of community social factors with regard to uptake of testing and HIV care, and the lack of rigorously evaluated community-level interventions effective in improving testing uptake, linkage and retention, the proposed study will yield much needed data to understand the potential of CM to improve the prevention and care cascade. Further, our work in developing a CM framework and domain measures will permit validation of a CM conceptual framework and process, which should prove valuable for community programming in Africa. Trial Registration NCT02197793 Registered July 21, 2014

Headspace delivery of limonene from the serum and non-serum fractions of orange juice in-vitro and in-vivo

The impact of orange juice pulp on the physical release of limonene to the headspace of freshly prepared orange juice was evaluated both in-vitro and in-vivo. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to analyse the impact of the matrix on the dynamic release of the volatile aroma compound, limonene, in orange juice. Pulp and aqueous serum was isolated (by centrifugation and filtration) from freshly prepared orange juice and subsequently reconstituted at varying pulp addition levels in serum (0g/100 g–20 g/100 g, wwb). The addition of pulp significantly enhanced the static headspace concentration of limonene with a 210 fold increase with 10 g/100 g pulp addition. In addition, pulp enhanced the ability of the orange juice serum to replenish limonene in the headspace after dynamic headspace dilution. The release of limonene was studied under realistic consumer consumption conditions (In-nose delivery) by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry; pulp significantly enhanced the amount of limonene exhaled in the nasal airflow (retronasal delivery). Surprisingly, given the variations in limonene concentration, naïve consumers did not perceive samples as significantly different on consumption. This is presumably due to the wide range of other aroma compounds not evaluated in this study that contribute to the perceived aroma

Recent advances in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD): summary of a Gut roundtable meeting

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), which includes a range of disorders of different severity and is one of the most prevalent types of liver disease worldwide, has recently regained increased attention. Among other reasons, the realisation that any alcohol intake, regardless of type of beverage represents a health risk, and the new therapeutic strategies tested in recently published or undergoing clinical trials spur scientific interest in this area. In April 2019, Gut convened a round table panel of experts during the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) International Liver Congress (ILC) in Vienna to discuss critical and up-to-date issues and clinical trial data regarding ALD, its epidemiology, diagnosis, management, pathomechanisms, possible future treatments and prevention. This paper summarises the discussion and its conclusions