Crossing Eurasia: trans-regional Afghan trading networks in China and beyond

An expanding body of literature in the field of Central Asian studies has brought attention to the problems of considering the region's complex dynamics through the lens of its nation-states. Comparatively less attention has been paid to the role played by trans-regional circulations in connecting parts of Central Asia to the wider world. This paper situates ethnographic work on trans-regional networks of Afghan traders in China, Central Asia, Russia, Ukraine and the UK in relation to the literature on trans-regional connections and circulation societies. Ethnographically it demonstrates the multi-polar nature of these trans-regional networks, and the importance of trading nodes, especially the Chinese city of Yiwu, to their formation and ongoing vitality

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Vertical porosity profile of a clay-rich marsh soil

The evolution of clay soil porosity is currently demonstrated via the shrinkage curves in a large water content domain spreading from a shrinkage limit to a liquidity limit. In fact, the parallel between in situ profiles and the shrinkage curves in such a large water content range is difficult to obtain because of the lack of earth pressure in the laboratory tests and in situ limited water contents. The vertical distribution of porosity throughout a clay-rich marsh soil profile was studied in a grassland field with samples taken from the soil surface characterized by water contents near their shrinkage limit down to 2.00 m deep saturated sediments over their liquidity limit. The depth of the plasticity limit isolates a soil in a solid state characterized by a vertical prism-like structure from a plastic to pseudo-liquid state in depth. The porosity was calculated from the measurements of the density of intact samples by double weighing and image analysis of 100 cm2 polished sections. The initial structure of clay soil was maintained by impregnation based on water–acetone–resin exchange. An ultraviolet photo luminescent pigment added to the resin allowed the capture of images from which shrinkage cracks and microporosity of the clay matrix were easily separated. The distribution of porosity between the shrinkage crack mesoporosity and the clay matrix microporosity was evaluated after the mathematical decomposition of the grey level curves characteristic of each level. Vertical evolution of the porosity distribution from the soil surface in a solid state to the plastic and pseudo-liquid sediment in depth was presented on the shrinkage curve of the clay material. The measurements point out how the clay matrix microporosity and mesoporosity of shrinkage cracks are complementary and the role of the scale effect on the shrinkage curve. The analysis of images captured on an optical microscope under polarized and analyzed light and the SEM observation of freeze-dried samples demonstrated the isotropic arrangement of the clay particles in typical “honey-comb” architecture in the in situ plastic-to-liquid saturated domain. Eventually the distribution of porosity through the profile results from the evolution of the initial “honey-comb” microstructure of the sediment induced by the desiccation phenomenon. It is governed by the depth of plasticity limit of the clay material and by the depth of the water table

Investigation of the damage induced by desiccation and heating of Tournemire argillite using digital image correlation

International audienceA set of samples taken from the Tournemire site was submitted to a desaturation process in an oven at different temperature levels of 40 degrees C; 50 degrees C, 80 degrees C, 105 degrees C, 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C. The resulting hydromechanical behavior was studied by measuring the strain fields obtained from a non-invasive method called "Digital Image Correlation" (DIC). After a few dozens of minutes from the beginning of the thermal loading, the induced strains concentrated into narrow zones or bands indicating strain localization. These narrow zones were precursors of desiccation cracks which were also detected from the first temperature level (at 40 degrees C or 50 degrees C). Our results confirmed the fundamental role of the textural and sedimentological heterogeneities in the cracking process. Desiccation cracks appeared at the interface between clay matrix and macroscopic non-clayey heterogeneity (i.e., calcite concretion) and were predominantly parallel to the bedding planes. At a temperature level of 105 degrees C, the desiccation cracks were no longer observable and seemed to close. This healing process was interpreted as a thermally driven process: when the shrinkage limit was reached, a thermal dilation of the water+clay minerals system occurred leading to a gradual closure of desiccation cracks. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Application of voxel phantoms to study the influence of the heterogeneous distribution of actinides in lungs on in vivo counting using animal experiments

As part of the improvement of calibration techniques for in vivo counting, the Laboratory of Internal Dose Assessment of IRSN has developed a computer tool, "OEDIPE", to model internal contamination in voxel phantoms, to simulate in vivo counting and to calculate internal dose. This software was used to model the real distribution of activity in the lungs of a baboon analyzed in the Laboratory of Radiotoxicology of CEA. This experiment provided the opportunity to study the influence of the heterogeneity of lung retention on the in vivo counting and to quantify its effect on the assessment of activity by comparison with a simulated homogeneous retention of the same total activity. The results show that the numerical simulation can be a relevant tool to reveal the heterogeneity of lung retention, allowing a determination of calibration factors adapted to heterogeneous contaminations that would be impossible by standard calibration with physical anthropomorphic phantoms. © 2007 EDP Sciences

Absorption of uranium through the entire gastrointestinal tract of the rat.

International audienceThe aim was to determine the gastrointestinal segments preferentially implicated in the absorption of uranium. The apparent permeability to uranium (233U) was measured ex vivo in Ussing chambers to assess uranium passage in the various parts of the small and large intestines. The transepithelial electrical parameters (potential difference, short-circuit current, transepithelial resistance and tissue conductance) were also recorded for each segment. Determination of in vivo uranium absorption after in-situ deposition of 233U in digestive segments (buccal cavity, ileum and proximal colon) and measurements of uranium in peripheral blood were then made to validate the ex vivo results. In addition, autoradiography was performed to localize the presence of uranium in the digestive segments. The in vivo experiments indicated that uranium absorption from the digestive tract was restricted to the small intestine (with no absorption from the buccal cavity, stomach or large intestine). The apparent permeability to uranium measured with ex vivo techniques was similar in the various parts of small intestine. In addition, the experiments demonstrated the existence of a transcellular pathway for uranium in the small intestine. The study indicates that uranium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract takes place exclusively in the small intestine, probably via a transcellular pathway