Thermal decontamination of sewage sludge

Every year a huge amount of sewage sludge is formed at municipal wastewater treatment plants. Sewage sludge contains a sufficient amount of biogenic elements and organic components, which characterizes them as possible raw materials for the production of organic fertilizers. However, direct incorporation of these sediments into the soil is impossible due to the fact that, in addition to useful organic and mineral components, they contain pathogens, viruses and helminth eggs. The aim of the study was to optimise thermal disinfection conditions for preparing of safety sewage sludge fertilizer. Laboratory studies were carried out using sediments from wastewater treatment plants of some cities. During laboratory experiments, the conditions for thermal disinfection of sediments – the thickness of the sediment layer, the air temperature in the disinfection furnace, and the treatment time of the sediment – were determined. When conducting industrial tests of a conveyor-type sediment decontamination furnace, the operating conditions of the furnace were determined, i.e., the temperature regimes of the sludge heating zone, the decontamination zone and the cooling zone, and the optimum parameters of the sludge layer thickness on the conveyor and the conveyor speed were determined

Antioxidative Activity of Ferrocenes Bearing 2,6-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Moieties

The antioxidative activity of ferrocenes bearing either 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or phenyl groups has been compared using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) test and in the study of the in vitro impact on lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate and on some characteristics of rat liver mitochondria. The results of DPPH test at 20°C show that the activity depends strongly upon the presence of phenolic group but is improved by the influence of ferrocenyl fragment. The activity of N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)iminomethylferrocene (1), for instance, was 88.4%, which was higher than the activity of a known antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) (48.5%), whereas the activity of N-phenyl-iminomethylferrocene 2 was almost negligible −2.9%. The data obtained demonstrate that the compounds with 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol moiety are significantly more active than the corresponding phenyl analogues in the in vitro study of lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. Ferrocene 1 performs a promising behavior as an antioxidant and inhibits the calcium-dependent swelling of mitochondria. These results allow us to propose the potential cytoprotective (neuroprotective) effect of ditopic compounds containing antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol group and redox active ferrocene fragment

Motive of “Liberated Soul” as a World-Modeling Universal in Lyrics of S. Parnok

The article is devoted to the analysis of the motif-figurative paradigm of the Silver Age poetess S. Parnok’s lyrics. The author’s attention is focused on the ways of stylistic representation of the world-modeling universals of the poetic world of S. Parnok, an important place among which belongs to the motive of the “liberated soul”. It is a starting point in the construction of the author’s picture of the world, in the center of which the path of the lyrical heroine to her soul underlies: its comprehension, acceptance of its contradictions and embodiment in a creative act. The novelty of the study is in the analysis of S. Parnok’s lyrics as an integral compositional and stylistic unity, structured by poetic leitmotifs. The relevance of the article is due to the appeal to the problematic field of research on poetic style. The authors made an attempt to deepen and expand scientific ideas about the stylistic phenomenon of women’s poetry of the Silver Age based on the analysis of S. Parnok’s lyrics. The conclusions of the study substantiate the semantic load and the functional role of the “liberated soul” motif in structuring the author’s poetic picture of the world. It is shown that the leading methods of its representation are metaphorization, epithets, including synesthetic ones, antithesis, oxymoron, at the level of syntactic organization — gradation, enjambment technique

Relationship between oral health status and cognitive functions

With global increases in the aging population, the number of patients with cognitive decline is greatly increasing, which has become a big social problem. The studies conducted previously suggest the possible relationship between oral health and cognitive status. It is well-known, that the oral cavity is an important component not only the maxillofacial region, but also acontributor of general health. In this article, we highlight the relationship among dentoalveolar system and the cognitive functions. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that during mastication there is activation of somatosensory cortical areas, the supplementary motor area, insula, and other areas including the striatum, thalamus and cerebellum. According to the results of the сlinical studies, patients with dementia have demonstrated poor oral hygiene, greater incidence of periodontal diseases and tooth loss. Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive decline may be associated with masticatory dysfunction. Masticatory dysfunction, as an umbrella term, refers to a debilitating condition in which normal masticatory function is compromised due to structural factors (e.g., tooth loss) or functional factors (e.g., weaker biting force or poorer masticatory performance). The presented data support the hypothesis that there is a possible relationship between mastication, oral health status and cognitive functions, therefore maintenance and adequate restoration of the whole masticatory system are important for the prevention of cognitive decline. This problem requires further clinical interdisciplinary studies, assessing cognitive abilities and oral health

Aerobic and hemodynamic parameters changes under physical load in patients with effort angina affected by isosorbid dinitrate

Anti-ischemic nitrate impact is studied quite well, however factors of tolerance of physical load (PL) increase which supposes oxygen consumption rise should be verified. Aim of the study: to verify aerobic and hemodynamic mechanisms of antianginal action of isosoibid dinitrate (ID) in patients with effort angina. Material and methods. 54 patients with effort angina of ll-lll functional class (average age-53,2+15,'4 years) had spiro-ergometiic cycle tests before and after taking of 20 mg ID. At the peak of PL the following parameters were estimated: oxygen consumption (V02), intensity of oxygen consumption, cardiac index, double product; peripheral vascular resistance and arteriovenous oxygen difference were measured by calculation method. Results. Efficiency of a single ID dose was noticed in 46,3% of patients with angina (group 1) and tolerance to PL raised from 44,6+25,0 W to 76,8+20,7 W. Other patients (group 2) did not have antianginal effect At the first stage (primary peak load) NS taking was characterized by economization of cardiac function: reduction of V02 for 13,9%, PL oxygen value – for 11,9% and cardiac output—for 17,9%. It consequently led to decrease of myocardium demand of oxygen and presumed anti-ischemic impact of the drug. At the stage 2 PL growth due to V02 increase was performed by activation of oxygen transportation, mainly, by its more complete extraction out of blood. Conclusion. Thus, anti-ischemic action of ID is caused by extracardiac mechanisms providing economization of cardiac activity at the PL beginning and increase of oxygen supply to the working organs by more complete extraction out of blood.Механизм антиишемического действия нитратов довольно хорошо изучен. Однако факторы увеличения при этом переносимости физической нагрузки, предполагающей рост потребления кислорода, требуют уточнения. Цель исследования: уточнить азробно-гемодинамические механизмы антиангинального действия изосорбида динитрата (ИД) у больных стенокардией напряжения. Материал и методы. 54 больным стенокардией напряжения 11-111 функционального класса (средний возраст 53,2+15,4 года) последовательно проводили спировелозргометрические пробы до и после приема 20 мг изосорбида динитрата. На пороговом уровне физической нагрузки (ФМ) оценивали потребление кислорода (V02), удельное потребление кислорода, сердечный индекс, двойное произведение, расчетным методом определяли периферическое сосудистое сопротивление, артерио-венозную разницу по кислороду. Результаты исследования. Эффективность однократного приема ИД отмечена у 46,3% больных стенокардией (1 группа); при этом толерантность к физической нагрузке повысилась с 44,6+25,0 Вт до 76,8+20,7 Вт. У остальных исследуемых (2 группа) антиангинального эффекта не зарегистрировано. На первом этапе (уровень первоначальной пороговой нагрузки) прием ИД характеризовался экономизацией сердечной деятельности: снижением V02 на 13,9%, кислородной стоимости ФН на 11,9%, сердечного выброса на 17,9%. Это закономерно приводило к сокращению потребности миокарда в кислороде и предопределило антиишемическое действие препарата. На 2 этапе прирост ФН, обусловленный увеличением V02, осуществлялся активацией процесса транспорта кислорода, главным образом за счет более полной экстракции его из крови. Заключение. Таким образом, антиишемическое действие ИД обусловлено экстракардиальными механизмами обеспечивающими экономизацию сердечной деятельности на начальном этапе ФН и увеличение кислородообеспечения работающих органов за счет более полной экстракции кислорода из крови в последующем

Features of Training of Mathematics of Preparatory Directors

У статті розкриваються особливості навчання математики іноземних слухачів-абітурієнтів підготовчого відділення технічного ЗВО. Визначено основні методи та форми оптимізації адаптаційного процесу слухачів-іноземців, розглядаються варіанти підвищення ефективності ліквідації академічної різниці математичної підготовки до набуття рівня готовності навчання в технічному закладі. Зазначається, що перехід від слухача- абітурієнта до студента відбувається на фоні опанування слухачами нового суспільного статусу, вищого рівня процесу соціалізації особистості в іншому соціумі, умовах іншої країни, який неодмінно окреслює і нові обов’язки та вимоги. Звертається увага на те, що навчання за інженерно-технічним фахом іноземних слухачів підготовчого відділення має відбуватись з врахуванням їх готовності до творчої та науково-дослідної діяльності. Наведено приклад складання математичного словника для слухачів – іноземців підготовчого відділення технічного ЗВО із супроводом англійською, іспанською та китайською мовами. Зазначається доцільність використання методу малих груп та індивідуального підходу до навчання під час практичних занять з математики. Виявлена необхідність адаптації слухачів до методів, технологій та використання засобів ІКТ в навчальному процесі, що застосовують викладачі кафедри вищої математики при викладанні її розділів. Опорний конспект пропонується складати використовуючи навчальний посібник з курсу елементарної математики, що складений для слухачів – іноземців із поясненням ключових моментів їх рідною мовою, де наведено теоретичні відомості з тем, приклади розв’язку типових задач. Зазначається, що після подолання слухачами мовного бар’єру можна поступово вводити задачі прикладного змісту (економічного, технічного). Підкреслюється, що важливим є розвиток створення алгоритмів розв’язку задач.The article reveals peculiarities of the study of mathematics of foreign students of the preparatory department of the technical university. The basic methods and forms of optimization of the adaptation process of foreign students are determined, variants of increasing the efficiency of liquidation of the academic difference of mathematical preparation to the level of readiness of studies in a technical institution are considered. It is noted that the transition from the student-applicant to the student takes place against the background of mastering the new social status, the higher level of the process of socialization of the individual in another society, the conditions of another country, which necessarily outlines new responsibilities and requirements. Attention is drawn to the fact that training in the engineering and technical profession of foreign students of the preparatory department should take place taking into account their readiness for creative and research activity. An example of compiling a mathematical dictionary for listeners - foreigners of the preparatory department of the technical university with the accompaniment in English, Spanish and Chinese is presented. The expediency of using the method of small groups and the individual approach to learning during practical classes in mathematics is substantiated. The necessity of adapting the students to the methods, technologies and the use of ICT tools in the educational process, which are used by the teachers of the department of higher mathematics during the teaching of its sections, is revealed. A reference summary is proposed to be compiled using a tutorial on the elementary mathematics course compiled for alumni listeners explaining the key moments in their native language, which provides theoretical information on topics, examples of solving typical problems. It is noted that after overcoming the language barrier students can gradually enter the tasks of applied content (economic, technical). It is clear that without proper understanding of the condition, it is impossible to formulate an algorithm for solving such problems, therefore the development of algorithms for solution of tasks is considered obligatory

The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Research via the DOI in this record.Data Availability. Genome-wide sequence data of two Botai individuals (BAM format) are available at the European Nucleotide Archive under the accession number PRJEB31152 (ERP113669). Eigenstrat format array genotype data of 763 present-day individuals and 1240K pulldown genotype data of two ancient Botai individuals are available at the Edmond data repository of the Max Planck Society (https://edmond.mpdl.mpg.de/imeji/collection/Aoh9c69DscnxSNjm?q=).The indigenous populations of inner Eurasia, a huge geographic region covering the central Eurasian steppe and the northern Eurasian taiga and tundra, harbor tremendous diversity in their genes, cultures and languages. In this study, we report novel genome-wide data for 763 individuals from Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. We furthermore report additional damage-reduced genome-wide data of two previously published individuals from the Eneolithic Botai culture in Kazakhstan (~5,400 BP). We find that present-day inner Eurasian populations are structured into three distinct admixture clines stretching between various western and eastern Eurasian ancestries, mirroring geography. The Botai and more recent ancient genomes from Siberia show a decrease in contribution from so-called “ancient North Eurasian” ancestry over time, detectable only in the northern-most “forest-tundra” cline. The intermediate “steppe-forest” cline descends from the Late Bronze Age steppe ancestries, while the “southern steppe” cline further to the South shows a strong West/South Asian influence. Ancient genomes suggest a northward spread of the southern steppe cline in Central Asia during the first millennium BC. Finally, the genetic structure of Caucasus populations highlights a role of the Caucasus Mountains as a barrier to gene flow and suggests a post-Neolithic gene flow into North Caucasus populations from the steppe.Max Planck SocietyEuropean Research Council (ERC)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)Russian Scientific FundNational Science FoundationU.S. National Institutes of HealthAllen Discovery CenterUniversity of OstravaCzech Ministry of EducationXiamen UniversityFundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesMES R

The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages