Oviposition behavior and foliar consumption of Chrysodeixis includes (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean genotypes

ABSTRACT: The use of plant resistance acts by intervening in the herbivore-host relationship, through morphological, physical or chemical factors of the plant. This study evaluated the oviposition and foliar consumption of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) in soybean genotypes, in free- and no-choice tests, correlating them with the factors, density and size of trichomes. The experiments were carried out in laboratory (25 ± 2 °C; RH= 70 ± 10%; photoperiod 14h) using five cultivars (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) and two isolines (PELBR 10-6000 and PELBR 10-6049). The trichomes reported were filiform tectors and claviform multicellular glandular. The density of glandular trichomes, in stages V2 and V5, was higher on BRS 6203 RR and BRS 391, respectively. The higher density of glandular trichomes was observed in V5 and a higher density of tector trichomes in V2. The lowest densities and the smallest sizes of trichomes in V2 and V5 stages was observed on PELBR 10-6049. The size of tector trichomes and the number of eggs did not differ among the cultivars. Foliar consumption was lower for on BMX Icone Ipro and Tec Irga 6070 RR. Trichome density influences the consumption and oviposition behavior of C. includens

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Description of a new species of Laelaspis Berlese (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from Brazil, with a key to the species of the Western Hemisphere

Duarte, Adriane Da Fonseca, Rueda-Ramírez, Diana, Cunha, Uemerson Silva Da, Moreira, Grazielle Furtado (2022): Description of a new species of Laelaspis Berlese (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from Brazil, with a key to the species of the Western Hemisphere. Zootaxa 5133 (4): 567-576, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5133.4.

Laelaspis Berlese

Key for Laelaspis species described in the Western Hemisphere The following key does not include Laelaspis bakeri Hunter & Davis, 1962, Laelaspis brevipilis Hunter, 1961 and Laelaspis regalis Berlese, 1920 (the first two from the USA and the third apparently also from the USA), because the available published information on their morphology does not allow their separation from the other Laelaspis species. 1. Dorsal shield smooth.................................................................................. 2 – Dorsal shield reticulate................................................................................. 5 2. Setae J5 and Z5 of similar lengths; post-anal seta much more than half as long as neighbouring opisthogastric setae on unsclerotised cuticle................................................... L. picketti (Hunter & Glover, 1968), USA – Setae J5 at most half as long as Z5; post-anal seta at most half as long as neighbouring opisthogastric setae on unsclerotised cuticle.............................................................................................. 3 3. Setae J1, J3 and J4 shorter than distance between their bases and bases or J3, J4 and J5, respectively.......................................................................................... L. longogenitalis (Karg, 1978), Chile – Setae J1, J3 and J4 longer than distance between their bases and bases or J3, J4 and J5, respectively................... 4 4. Seta J5 about as long as or longer than Z4; posterior margin of epigynal shield slightly acuminate medially, next to anterior margin of anal shield; with 14 pairs of setae inserted in soft cuticle and in epigynal shield behind level of anterior tip of metapodal platelets................................................................. L. loeckii sp. nov., Brazil – Seta J5 much shorter than other opisthonotal setae; posterior margin of epigynal shield truncate medially, next to anterior margin of anal shield; with 11 pairs of setae inserted in soft cuticle and in epigynal shield behind level of anterior tip of metapodal platelets.......................................................... L. longipilis Hunter, 1964, USA 5. Posterior margin of epigynal shield distinctly truncate............................ L. latanalis (Karg, 2000), Venezuela – Posterior margin of epigynal shield rounded or acuminate medially............................................. 6 6. Fixed cheliceral digit considerably shorter than movable digit........................ L. brevichelis Hunter,1964, USA – Fixed and movable digits of similar lengths................................................................ 7 7. Epigynal shield distinctly separate from anal shield by a narrow band of unsclerotised cuticle............................................................................................... L. mandibularis (Ewing, 1909), USA – Epigynal shield abutting or overlapping anal shield.......................................................... 8 8. Posterior margin of epigynal shield medially acuminate (with distinct medial tip); opisthogastric setae distinctly tylochorous........................................................................ L. piloscutuli Hunter, 1961, Mexico – Posterior margin of epigynal shield rounded, without medial tip; opisthogastric setae tylochorous or not................ 9 9. Most setae along margin of dorsal shield about twice as long as central setae... L. dubitatus Hunter, 1964, USA – Setae along margin of dorsal shield not distinctly longer than central setae....................................... 10 10. Opisthogastric setae on unsclerotised cuticle shorter to slightly longer than neighbouring setae; fixed cheliceral digit with 5–6 teeth in addition to apical hook; dorsal shield with marginal setae stout and barbed................................ 11 – Several opisthogastric setae on unsclerotised cuticle much longer (up to twice) than neighbouring setae; fixed cheliceral digit with 3–6 teeth in addition to apical hook; dorsal shield with marginal setae not stout, barbed or smooth................ 12 11. Seta J5 barbed; central dorsal shield setae lanceolate but blunt................. L. mumai (Hunter & Glover, 1968), USA – Seta J5 smooth; central dorsal shield setae lanceolate and sharp-tipped........... L. moseri (Hunter & Glover, 1968), USA 12. Seta S5 absent........................................... L. formationis (Karg, 1989), Saint Lucia, Caribbean area – Seta S5 present...................................................................................... 13 13. Dorsal shield setae smooth....................................................... L. lundi Hunter, 1961, Mexico – Dorsal shield setae barbed................................................. L. pauli Hunter & Davis, 1962, USAPublished as part of Duarte, Adriane Da Fonseca, Rueda-Ramírez, Diana, Cunha, Uemerson Silva Da & Moreira, Grazielle Furtado, 2022, Description of a new species of Laelaspis Berlese (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from Brazil, with a key to the species of the Western Hemisphere, pp. 567-576 in Zootaxa 5133 (4) on page 574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/653110

Laelaspis Berlese

Genus Laelaspis Berlese Laelaps (Laelaspis) Berlese 1903: 13 (type species: Laelaps astronomicus Koch, 1839, by original designation). Laelaspis.— Berlese, 1913: 10; Kazemi, 2015: 413. Hypoaspis (Laelaspis).—Vitzthum, 1942: 762.Published as part of Duarte, Adriane Da Fonseca, Rueda-Ramírez, Diana, Cunha, Uemerson Silva Da & Moreira, Grazielle Furtado, 2022, Description of a new species of Laelaspis Berlese (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from Brazil, with a key to the species of the Western Hemisphere, pp. 567-576 in Zootaxa 5133 (4) on page 568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/653110