13 research outputs found

    Mycophenolic Acid overcomes imatinib and nilotinib resistance of chronic myeloid leukemia cells by apoptosis or a senescent-like cell cycle arrest.

    Get PDF
    International audienceWe used K562 cells sensitive or generated resistant to imatinib or nilotinib to investigate their response to mycophenolic acid (MPA). MPA induced DNA damage leading to cell death with a minor contribution of apoptosis, as revealed by annexin V labeling (up to 25%). In contrast, cell cycle arrest and positive staining for senescence-associated ÎČ-galactosidase activity were detected for a large cell population (80%). MPA-induced cell death was potentialized by the inhibition of autophagy and this is associated to the upregulation of apoptosis. In contrast, senescence was neither decreased nor abrogated in autophagy deficient K562 cells. Primary CD34 cells from CML patients sensitive or resistant to imatinib or nilotinib respond to MPA although apoptosis is mainly detected. These results show that MPA is an interesting tool to overcome resistance in vitro and in vivo mainly in the evolved phase of the disease

    Response and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in CML : identification and regulation of cell deaths

    No full text
    La leucĂ©mie myĂ©loĂŻde chronique (LMC) est un syndrome myĂ©loprolifĂ©ratif liĂ© Ă  l’acquisition d’une anomalie chromosomique t(9;22) conduisant Ă  l’expression d’une protĂ©ine de fusion p210 Bcr-Abl dont l’activitĂ© tyrosine kinase dĂ©rĂ©gulĂ©e est nĂ©cessaire et suffisante pour engendrer la maladie.Cette pathologie bĂ©nĂ©ficie depuis 2002 d’une avancĂ©e thĂ©rapeutique : les inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinase (ITK). Cette thĂ©rapeutique dite ciblĂ©e, dont le chef de file est l’imatinib, est trĂšs efficace puisque 80% des patients entre en rĂ©mission. Malheureusement, 20% des patients traitĂ©s dĂ©veloppent des rĂ©sistances primaires ou secondaires, dĂ©pendantes ou non de l’oncogĂšne Bcr-Abl dont certaines ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es. A ce titre, la LMC est devenue un modĂšle d’étude Ă  la fois des mĂ©canismes oncogĂ©niques mais aussi des rĂ©sistances.La rĂ©sistance aux ITK dans la LMC peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e sur deux plans. D’une part la rĂ©sistance qui permet Ă  la cellule leucĂ©mique d’échapper Ă  la pression thĂ©rapeutique des ITK et d’autre part la rĂ©sistance « intrinsĂšque » de la cellule souche leucĂ©mique par des mĂ©canismes certainement multiples. Ce second niveau de rĂ©sistance est Ă  l’origine de la rĂ©currence de la LMC lors de l’arrĂȘt du traitement.Cette thĂšse a consistĂ© Ă  dĂ©terminer comment pouvait mourir les cellules de LMC en rĂ©ponse aux ITK pour mettre en Ă©vidence les morts induites et les rĂ©gulations qui existent entre-elles. De plus, cela a permis d’utiliser les morts non-apoptotiques pour contourner les mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance aux ITK.Nous avons montrĂ© pour la premiĂšre fois en utilisant diffĂ©rents modĂšles cellulaires de LMC (cellules K562, Lama-84 et AR-230), que l’imatinib (ainsi que les autres ITK nilotinib et dasatinib) induit de la sĂ©nescence en plus d’une rĂ©ponse apoptotique. En absence d’apoptose, par inhibition de cette derniĂšre, la rĂ©ponse sĂ©nescente devient une rĂ©ponse majeure des cellules de LMC suggĂ©rant que l’apoptose a un rĂŽle de « frein » sur la sĂ©nescence. L’autophagie activĂ©e par les ITK rĂ©gule nĂ©gativement la rĂ©ponse apoptotique alors qu’elle est nĂ©cessaire pour une rĂ©ponse sĂ©nescente majeure. Nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence deux types de sĂ©nescences induites par l’imatinib : une sĂ©nescence dĂ©pendante et une indĂ©pendante de l’autophagie. L’autophagie semble donc au cƓur de la rĂ©gulation des morts cellulaires. Puisque les cellules de LMC peuvent mourir par des morts non-apoptotiques, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©liminer les cellules rĂ©sistantes par des morts non-apoptotiques. Pour cela diffĂ©rentes molĂ©cules ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es telles que l’acide mycophĂ©nolique (MPA), un immunosuppresseur dĂ©jĂ  utilisĂ© en clinique. Le MPA en inhibant la synthĂšse de GTP permet d’induire des dommages Ă  l’ADN et une rĂ©ponse apoptotique et/ou sĂ©nescente. Dans ce contexte, l’autophagie protĂšge la cellule de la rĂ©ponse apoptotique mais ne protĂšge pas la cellule de la sĂ©nescence. Le MPA est au contraire un puissant inducteur d’apoptose sur les cellules primaires. En effet, il induit une apoptose massive des cellules primaires rĂ©sistantes aux ITK quelque soit le mĂ©canisme impliquĂ© (surexpression de tyrosine kinase, mutation de Bcr-Abl). Le MPA est l’exemple parfait des molĂ©cules qu’il nous faut rechercher pour Ă©liminer les cellules rĂ©sistantes de LMC notamment dans le cas oĂč les patients sont en crise blastique et donc rĂ©sistants aux thĂ©rapeutiques.Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que la sĂ©nescence est une des morts qui peut ĂȘtre induite pour dĂ©passer la rĂ©sistance des cellules cancĂ©reuses.Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is a myeloproliferative syndrome connected to the acquisition of a chromosomal abnormality t(9;22) leading to the expression of a fusion protein p210 Bcr-Abl of whom the tyrosine kinase activity deregulated is necessary and sufficient to engender the disease.This pathology benefits since 2002 of a therapeutic advance: the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). This targeted therapeutics, from which imatinib is the front-line, is very effective because 80 % of patients enters in remission. However, 20 % of the treated patients develop primary or secondary resistances which can be dependent or not to the Bcr-Abl oncogene among which some have been characterized. Indeed, CML is now a model to study both oncogenic and resistances mechanisms.Resistance to TKI in CML can be considered on two sides. On one hand the resistance allowing the leukemic cell to escape the therapeutic pressure of TKI and on a second hand the “intrinsic” resistance of Leukemic stem cells by multiple mechanisms. This second level of resistance is at the origin of the CML recurrence.This thesis consisted in determining how could die the CML cells in response to TKI to bring to light cell deaths induced and the regulations existing between them. Furthermore, it allowed exploring the use of non-apoptotic cell deaths to overcome resistance to TKI.We showed for the first time by using CML cell lines (K562, Lama-84 and AR-230), that imatinib (as well as nilotinib and dasatinib) induced senescence besides an apoptotic response. In absence of apoptosis, by its inhibition, senescence becomes a major response of CML cells suggesting that apoptosis is limiting senescence. Autophagy activated by TKI negatively regulates apoptosis while it is necessary for a major senescent response. We were able to bring to light two types of senescence in response to TKI : a senescence dependent and a senescence independent of autophagy suggesting it plays a critical role in cell death regulation.Because CML cells can die by non-apoptotic cell deaths, we used them to eliminate TKI resistant cells. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immonusuppressor already used in therapeutic as an immunosuppressive agent has been extensively used. MPA by inhibiting the synthesis of GTP induces DNA damage and apoptotic and\or senescent response. In this context, autophagy protects the cells from apoptotic response but do not from senescence. Conversely, MPA is a powerful inductor of apoptosis on hematopoietic primary cells. Indeed, it induces apoptosis of TKI resistant primary cells whatever the mechanism involved (overexpression of tyrosine kinases or mutation of Bcr-Abl). MPA illustrates the need to look for new molecules to eliminate TKI resistant CML cells, particularly when patients are in the evolved blastic phase of the disease.These results suggest that senescence is one of the deaths which can be used to overcome resistance of cancer cells

    Response and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in CML : identification and regulation of cell deaths

    No full text
    La leucĂ©mie myĂ©loĂŻde chronique (LMC) est un syndrome myĂ©loprolifĂ©ratif liĂ© Ă  l’acquisition d’une anomalie chromosomique t(9;22) conduisant Ă  l’expression d’une protĂ©ine de fusion p210 Bcr-Abl dont l’activitĂ© tyrosine kinase dĂ©rĂ©gulĂ©e est nĂ©cessaire et suffisante pour engendrer la maladie.Cette pathologie bĂ©nĂ©ficie depuis 2002 d’une avancĂ©e thĂ©rapeutique : les inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinase (ITK). Cette thĂ©rapeutique dite ciblĂ©e, dont le chef de file est l’imatinib, est trĂšs efficace puisque 80% des patients entre en rĂ©mission. Malheureusement, 20% des patients traitĂ©s dĂ©veloppent des rĂ©sistances primaires ou secondaires, dĂ©pendantes ou non de l’oncogĂšne Bcr-Abl dont certaines ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es. A ce titre, la LMC est devenue un modĂšle d’étude Ă  la fois des mĂ©canismes oncogĂ©niques mais aussi des rĂ©sistances.La rĂ©sistance aux ITK dans la LMC peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e sur deux plans. D’une part la rĂ©sistance qui permet Ă  la cellule leucĂ©mique d’échapper Ă  la pression thĂ©rapeutique des ITK et d’autre part la rĂ©sistance « intrinsĂšque » de la cellule souche leucĂ©mique par des mĂ©canismes certainement multiples. Ce second niveau de rĂ©sistance est Ă  l’origine de la rĂ©currence de la LMC lors de l’arrĂȘt du traitement.Cette thĂšse a consistĂ© Ă  dĂ©terminer comment pouvait mourir les cellules de LMC en rĂ©ponse aux ITK pour mettre en Ă©vidence les morts induites et les rĂ©gulations qui existent entre-elles. De plus, cela a permis d’utiliser les morts non-apoptotiques pour contourner les mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance aux ITK.Nous avons montrĂ© pour la premiĂšre fois en utilisant diffĂ©rents modĂšles cellulaires de LMC (cellules K562, Lama-84 et AR-230), que l’imatinib (ainsi que les autres ITK nilotinib et dasatinib) induit de la sĂ©nescence en plus d’une rĂ©ponse apoptotique. En absence d’apoptose, par inhibition de cette derniĂšre, la rĂ©ponse sĂ©nescente devient une rĂ©ponse majeure des cellules de LMC suggĂ©rant que l’apoptose a un rĂŽle de « frein » sur la sĂ©nescence. L’autophagie activĂ©e par les ITK rĂ©gule nĂ©gativement la rĂ©ponse apoptotique alors qu’elle est nĂ©cessaire pour une rĂ©ponse sĂ©nescente majeure. Nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence deux types de sĂ©nescences induites par l’imatinib : une sĂ©nescence dĂ©pendante et une indĂ©pendante de l’autophagie. L’autophagie semble donc au cƓur de la rĂ©gulation des morts cellulaires. Puisque les cellules de LMC peuvent mourir par des morts non-apoptotiques, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©liminer les cellules rĂ©sistantes par des morts non-apoptotiques. Pour cela diffĂ©rentes molĂ©cules ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es telles que l’acide mycophĂ©nolique (MPA), un immunosuppresseur dĂ©jĂ  utilisĂ© en clinique. Le MPA en inhibant la synthĂšse de GTP permet d’induire des dommages Ă  l’ADN et une rĂ©ponse apoptotique et/ou sĂ©nescente. Dans ce contexte, l’autophagie protĂšge la cellule de la rĂ©ponse apoptotique mais ne protĂšge pas la cellule de la sĂ©nescence. Le MPA est au contraire un puissant inducteur d’apoptose sur les cellules primaires. En effet, il induit une apoptose massive des cellules primaires rĂ©sistantes aux ITK quelque soit le mĂ©canisme impliquĂ© (surexpression de tyrosine kinase, mutation de Bcr-Abl). Le MPA est l’exemple parfait des molĂ©cules qu’il nous faut rechercher pour Ă©liminer les cellules rĂ©sistantes de LMC notamment dans le cas oĂč les patients sont en crise blastique et donc rĂ©sistants aux thĂ©rapeutiques.Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que la sĂ©nescence est une des morts qui peut ĂȘtre induite pour dĂ©passer la rĂ©sistance des cellules cancĂ©reuses.Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is a myeloproliferative syndrome connected to the acquisition of a chromosomal abnormality t(9;22) leading to the expression of a fusion protein p210 Bcr-Abl of whom the tyrosine kinase activity deregulated is necessary and sufficient to engender the disease.This pathology benefits since 2002 of a therapeutic advance: the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). This targeted therapeutics, from which imatinib is the front-line, is very effective because 80 % of patients enters in remission. However, 20 % of the treated patients develop primary or secondary resistances which can be dependent or not to the Bcr-Abl oncogene among which some have been characterized. Indeed, CML is now a model to study both oncogenic and resistances mechanisms.Resistance to TKI in CML can be considered on two sides. On one hand the resistance allowing the leukemic cell to escape the therapeutic pressure of TKI and on a second hand the “intrinsic” resistance of Leukemic stem cells by multiple mechanisms. This second level of resistance is at the origin of the CML recurrence.This thesis consisted in determining how could die the CML cells in response to TKI to bring to light cell deaths induced and the regulations existing between them. Furthermore, it allowed exploring the use of non-apoptotic cell deaths to overcome resistance to TKI.We showed for the first time by using CML cell lines (K562, Lama-84 and AR-230), that imatinib (as well as nilotinib and dasatinib) induced senescence besides an apoptotic response. In absence of apoptosis, by its inhibition, senescence becomes a major response of CML cells suggesting that apoptosis is limiting senescence. Autophagy activated by TKI negatively regulates apoptosis while it is necessary for a major senescent response. We were able to bring to light two types of senescence in response to TKI : a senescence dependent and a senescence independent of autophagy suggesting it plays a critical role in cell death regulation.Because CML cells can die by non-apoptotic cell deaths, we used them to eliminate TKI resistant cells. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immonusuppressor already used in therapeutic as an immunosuppressive agent has been extensively used. MPA by inhibiting the synthesis of GTP induces DNA damage and apoptotic and\or senescent response. In this context, autophagy protects the cells from apoptotic response but do not from senescence. Conversely, MPA is a powerful inductor of apoptosis on hematopoietic primary cells. Indeed, it induces apoptosis of TKI resistant primary cells whatever the mechanism involved (overexpression of tyrosine kinases or mutation of Bcr-Abl). MPA illustrates the need to look for new molecules to eliminate TKI resistant CML cells, particularly when patients are in the evolved blastic phase of the disease.These results suggest that senescence is one of the deaths which can be used to overcome resistance of cancer cells

    Réponse et résistance aux inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinases dans le modÚle de la LMC (identification et régulation des morts cellulaires)

    No full text
    La leucĂ©mie myĂ©loĂŻde chronique (LMC) est un syndrome myĂ©loprolifĂ©ratif liĂ© Ă  l acquisition d une anomalie chromosomique t(9;22) conduisant Ă  l expression d une protĂ©ine de fusion p210 Bcr-Abl dont l activitĂ© tyrosine kinase dĂ©rĂ©gulĂ©e est nĂ©cessaire et suffisante pour engendrer la maladie.Cette pathologie bĂ©nĂ©ficie depuis 2002 d une avancĂ©e thĂ©rapeutique : les inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinase (ITK). Cette thĂ©rapeutique dite ciblĂ©e, dont le chef de file est l imatinib, est trĂšs efficace puisque 80% des patients entre en rĂ©mission. Malheureusement, 20% des patients traitĂ©s dĂ©veloppent des rĂ©sistances primaires ou secondaires, dĂ©pendantes ou non de l oncogĂšne Bcr-Abl dont certaines ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es. A ce titre, la LMC est devenue un modĂšle d Ă©tude Ă  la fois des mĂ©canismes oncogĂ©niques mais aussi des rĂ©sistances.La rĂ©sistance aux ITK dans la LMC peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e sur deux plans. D une part la rĂ©sistance qui permet Ă  la cellule leucĂ©mique d Ă©chapper Ă  la pression thĂ©rapeutique des ITK et d autre part la rĂ©sistance intrinsĂšque de la cellule souche leucĂ©mique par des mĂ©canismes certainement multiples. Ce second niveau de rĂ©sistance est Ă  l origine de la rĂ©currence de la LMC lors de l arrĂȘt du traitement.Cette thĂšse a consistĂ© Ă  dĂ©terminer comment pouvait mourir les cellules de LMC en rĂ©ponse aux ITK pour mettre en Ă©vidence les morts induites et les rĂ©gulations qui existent entre-elles. De plus, cela a permis d utiliser les morts non-apoptotiques pour contourner les mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance aux ITK.Nous avons montrĂ© pour la premiĂšre fois en utilisant diffĂ©rents modĂšles cellulaires de LMC (cellules K562, Lama-84 et AR-230), que l imatinib (ainsi que les autres ITK nilotinib et dasatinib) induit de la sĂ©nescence en plus d une rĂ©ponse apoptotique. En absence d apoptose, par inhibition de cette derniĂšre, la rĂ©ponse sĂ©nescente devient une rĂ©ponse majeure des cellules de LMC suggĂ©rant que l apoptose a un rĂŽle de frein sur la sĂ©nescence. L autophagie activĂ©e par les ITK rĂ©gule nĂ©gativement la rĂ©ponse apoptotique alors qu elle est nĂ©cessaire pour une rĂ©ponse sĂ©nescente majeure. Nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence deux types de sĂ©nescences induites par l imatinib : une sĂ©nescence dĂ©pendante et une indĂ©pendante de l autophagie. L autophagie semble donc au cƓur de la rĂ©gulation des morts cellulaires. Puisque les cellules de LMC peuvent mourir par des morts non-apoptotiques, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©liminer les cellules rĂ©sistantes par des morts non-apoptotiques. Pour cela diffĂ©rentes molĂ©cules ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es telles que l acide mycophĂ©nolique (MPA), un immunosuppresseur dĂ©jĂ  utilisĂ© en clinique. Le MPA en inhibant la synthĂšse de GTP permet d induire des dommages Ă  l ADN et une rĂ©ponse apoptotique et/ou sĂ©nescente. Dans ce contexte, l autophagie protĂšge la cellule de la rĂ©ponse apoptotique mais ne protĂšge pas la cellule de la sĂ©nescence. Le MPA est au contraire un puissant inducteur d apoptose sur les cellules primaires. En effet, il induit une apoptose massive des cellules primaires rĂ©sistantes aux ITK quelque soit le mĂ©canisme impliquĂ© (surexpression de tyrosine kinase, mutation de Bcr-Abl). Le MPA est l exemple parfait des molĂ©cules qu il nous faut rechercher pour Ă©liminer les cellules rĂ©sistantes de LMC notamment dans le cas oĂč les patients sont en crise blastique et donc rĂ©sistants aux thĂ©rapeutiques.Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que la sĂ©nescence est une des morts qui peut ĂȘtre induite pour dĂ©passer la rĂ©sistance des cellules cancĂ©reuses.Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is a myeloproliferative syndrome connected to the acquisition of a chromosomal abnormality t(9;22) leading to the expression of a fusion protein p210 Bcr-Abl of whom the tyrosine kinase activity deregulated is necessary and sufficient to engender the disease.This pathology benefits since 2002 of a therapeutic advance: the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). This targeted therapeutics, from which imatinib is the front-line, is very effective because 80 % of patients enters in remission. However, 20 % of the treated patients develop primary or secondary resistances which can be dependent or not to the Bcr-Abl oncogene among which some have been characterized. Indeed, CML is now a model to study both oncogenic and resistances mechanisms.Resistance to TKI in CML can be considered on two sides. On one hand the resistance allowing the leukemic cell to escape the therapeutic pressure of TKI and on a second hand the intrinsic resistance of Leukemic stem cells by multiple mechanisms. This second level of resistance is at the origin of the CML recurrence.This thesis consisted in determining how could die the CML cells in response to TKI to bring to light cell deaths induced and the regulations existing between them. Furthermore, it allowed exploring the use of non-apoptotic cell deaths to overcome resistance to TKI.We showed for the first time by using CML cell lines (K562, Lama-84 and AR-230), that imatinib (as well as nilotinib and dasatinib) induced senescence besides an apoptotic response. In absence of apoptosis, by its inhibition, senescence becomes a major response of CML cells suggesting that apoptosis is limiting senescence. Autophagy activated by TKI negatively regulates apoptosis while it is necessary for a major senescent response. We were able to bring to light two types of senescence in response to TKI : a senescence dependent and a senescence independent of autophagy suggesting it plays a critical role in cell death regulation.Because CML cells can die by non-apoptotic cell deaths, we used them to eliminate TKI resistant cells. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immonusuppressor already used in therapeutic as an immunosuppressive agent has been extensively used. MPA by inhibiting the synthesis of GTP induces DNA damage and apoptotic and\or senescent response. In this context, autophagy protects the cells from apoptotic response but do not from senescence. Conversely, MPA is a powerful inductor of apoptosis on hematopoietic primary cells. Indeed, it induces apoptosis of TKI resistant primary cells whatever the mechanism involved (overexpression of tyrosine kinases or mutation of Bcr-Abl). MPA illustrates the need to look for new molecules to eliminate TKI resistant CML cells, particularly when patients are in the evolved blastic phase of the disease.These results suggest that senescence is one of the deaths which can be used to overcome resistance of cancer cells.BORDEAUX2-Bib. Ă©lectronique (335229905) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Fast spatial-selective delivery into live cells

    No full text
    Intracellular delivery of functional compounds into living cells is of great importance for cell biology as well as therapeutic applications. Often it is sufficient that the compound of interest (being a molecule or nanoparticle) is delivered to the cell population as a whole. However, there are applications that would benefit considerably from the possibility of delivering a compound to a certain subpopulation of cells, or even in selected single cells. Here we report on an integrated platform for high-throughput spatially resolved nanoparticle-enhanced photoporation (SNAP) of adherent cells. SNAP enables safe, intracellular delivery of exogenously administered nanomaterials in selected subpopulations of cells, even down to the single cell level. We demonstrate the power of SNAP by selectively delivering a safe contrast agent into a subpopulation of polynucleated keratinocytes, enabling their downstream purification for unraveling their role in neoplasm formation. The flexibility and speed with which individual cells can be labeled make SNAP an ideal tool for high-throughput applications, not only for selective labeling but also for targeted drug delivery

    Alpha-fetoprotein is a biomarker of unfolded protein response and altered proteostasis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells exposed to sorafenib

    No full text
    International audienceSorafenib is the treatment of reference for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A decrease in the serum levels of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is reported to be the biological parameter that is best associated with disease control by sorafenib. In order to provide a biological rationale for the variations of APP, we analyzed the various steps of AFP production in human HCC cell lines exposed to sorafenib. Sorafenib dramatically reduced the levels of APP produced by HCC cells independently of its effect on cell viability. The mRNA levels of APP decreased upon sorafenib treatment, while the AFP protein remained localized in the Golgi apparatus. Sorafenib activated the Regulated Inositol-Requiring Enzyme-1 alpha (IRE-1 alpha) and the PKR-like ER Kinase (PERK)-dependent arms of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The inhibition of IRE-1 alpha partially restored the mRNA levels of AFP upon treatment with sorafenib. The inhibition of both pathways partially prevented the drop in the production of AFP induced by sorafenib. The findings provide new insights on the regulation of APP, and identify it as a biomarker suitable for the exploration of HCC cell proteostasis in the context of therapeutic targeting. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

    ATF6 alpha regulates morphological changes associated with senescence in human fibroblasts

    No full text
    International audienceCellular senescence is known as an anti-tumor barrier and is characterized by a number of determinants including cell cycle arrest, senescence associated beta-galactosidase activity and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. Senescent cells are also subjected to enlargement, cytoskeleton-mediated shape changes and organelle alterations. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these last changes remain still uncharacterized. Herein, we have identified the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) as a player controlling some morphological aspects of the senescent phenotype. We show that senescent fibroblasts exhibit ER expansion and mild UPR activation, but conserve an ER stress adaptive capacity similar to that of exponentially growing cells. By genetically invalidating the three UPR sensors in senescent fibroblasts, we demonstrated that ATF6 alpha signaling dictates senescence-associated cell shape modifications. We also show that ER expansion and increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL6 were partly reversed by silencing ATF6a in senescent cells. Moreover, ATF6a drives the increase of senescence associated-beta-galactosidase activity. Collectively, these findings unveil a novel and central role for ATF6a in the establishment of morphological features of senescence in normal human primary fibroblasts

    JCI Insight

    No full text
    Loss of melanocytes is the pathological hallmark of vitiligo, a chronic inflammatory skin depigmenting disorder induced by exaggerated immune response, including autoreactive CD8 T cells producing high levels of type 1 cytokines. However, the interplay between this inflammatory response and melanocyte disappearance remains to be fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate that vitiligo skin contains a significant proportion of suprabasal melanocytes, associated with disruption of E-cadherin expression, a major protein involved in melanocyte adhesion. This phenomenon is also observed in lesional psoriatic skin. Importantly, apoptotic melanocytes were mainly observed once cells were detached from the basal layer of the epidermis, suggesting that additional mechanism(s) could be involved in melanocyte loss. The type 1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α induce melanocyte detachment through E-cadherin disruption and the release of its soluble form, partly due to MMP-9. The levels of MMP-9 are increased in the skin and sera of patients with vitiligo, and MMP-9 is produced by keratinocytes in response to IFN-γ and TNF-α. Inhibition of MMP-9 or the JAK/STAT signaling pathway prevents melanocyte detachment in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, stabilization of melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis by preventing E-cadherin disruption appears promising for the prevention of depigmentation occurring in vitiligo and during chronic skin inflammation
    corecore