Sub-wavelength lithography over extended areas

We demonstrate a systematic approach to sub-wavelength resolution lithographic image formation on films covering areas larger than a wavelength squared. For example, it is possible to make a lithographic pattern with a feature size resolution of $\lambda/[2(N+1)]$ by using a particular $2 M$-photon, multi-mode entangled state, where $N < M$, and banks of birefringent plates. By preparing a statistically mixed such a state one can form any pixel pattern on a $(N+1) 2^{M-N} \times (N+1) 2^{M-N}$ pixel grid occupying a square with a side of $L=2^{M-N-1}$ wavelengths. Hence, there is a trade-off between the exposed area, the minimum lithographic feature size resolution, and the number of photons used for the exposure. We also show that the proposed method will work even under non-ideal conditions, albeit with somewhat poorer performance.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, 1 table. Written in RevTe

Active Learning in Norwegian Natural Language Processing

Denne avhandlingen undersøker bruken av aktiv læring i norske naturlig språkbehandlingsmodeller for å adressere utfordringen med kostbar merking av data. Med økende etterspørsel etter større datasett innen kunstig intelligens, har finjustering av språkmodeller blitt avgjørende for ulike applikasjoner. Imidlertid kan generering av merket data for finjustering være tidkrevende og kostbart. Aktiv læring tilbyr en løsning ved å iterativt velge de mest verdifulle datapunktene for menneskelig merking, og reduserer dermed mengden merket data som kreves. Denne studien fokuserer på sammenligning av ulike finjusteringsmetoder for norske naturlig språkbehandlingsmodeller med hensyn til nøyaktighet og treningstid, samtidig som aktiv læring inkorporeres. Tre velkjente aktiv læring-utvalgsmetoder evalueres og sammenlignes med tradisjonelt tilfeldig utvalg for å fastslå deres effektivitet i valg av informative datapunkter for merking i en norsk naturlig språkbehandlingsmodell. Språkmodellen vil evalueres ved en sentiment klassifiseringsoppgave. Forskningsspørsmålene tar for seg forskjellene i nøyaktighetsmålinger, hvor mange datapunkter man slipper å merke, ytelsen til aktiv læring-metodene og deres innvirkning på treningstid og treningstap. Resultatene viser fordelene ved aktiv læring i norske naturlig språkbehandlingsmodeller og gir innsikt for forskere, bedrifter og organisasjoner som ønsker å trene maskinlæringsmodeller mer effektivt og kostnadseffektivt. Avhandlingen avsluttes med en diskusjon av resultatene, besvarer forskningsspørsmålene og foreslår videre forskningsmuligheter.This thesis examines the use of active learning in Norwegian natural language processing models to address the challenge of expensive data labeling. With the growing demand for larger datasets in artificial intelligence, fine-tuning language models has become crucial for various applications. However, creating labeled data for fine-tuning can be time-consuming and costly. Active learning offers a solution by iteratively selecting the most valuable data points for human labeling, thereby reducing the amount of labeled data required. This paper focuses on comparing different fine-tuning methods for Norwegian natural language processing models in terms of accuracy and training time while incorporating active learning. Three well-known active learning sampling methods are evaluated and compared to traditional random sampling to determine their effectiveness in selecting informative samples for labeling for a Norwegian natural language processing model. The model will be evaluated while doing a sentiment classification task. The research questions address the differences in accuracy metrics, how many samples one can save using active learning, the performance of active learning methods, and their impact on training time and training loss. The findings demonstrate the benefits of active learning in the context of natural language processing and provide insights for researchers, businesses, and organizations seeking to train machine learning models more efficiently and cost-effectively. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results, answering the research questions, and suggesting further research avenues

Fagpersonells forståelse av økt registrert tvangsbruk overfor personer med utviklingshemming

Norwegian legislation concerning restraint measures in the care and treatment to people with intellectual disability (ID) has been established since 1999. This study examined the social workers’ explanations for the increased number of people with ID being legally restrained since 1999. This article discussed both staff and the supervisors perspectives of the increase. Although an increasingly number of people with ID are treated by restraint measures, respondents (n = 206) report that care services has evolved in a positive direction. The strong increase is explained by a higher ethical awareness and changes in legal rules along the way. When asked about the future development, most respondents expect a continuing growth in the number of people with ID treated with the use of restraint measures

Coordination chemistry and biology of chelators for the treatment of iron overload disorders

Treatment of the medical condition generally referred to as iron overload through the delivery of chelators has recently received a major boost. In 2005 Novartis gained FDA approval for the drug deferasirox, which may be taken orally. Until this time most patients with Fe overload have had to endure long periods of subcutaneous infusions of the orally ineffective drug desferrioxamine (desferal) which has led to major problems with patient compliance. An effective Fe chelator must possess a number of properties for it to be able to complex Fe in vivo and be excreted intact. This Perspective will provide an overview of the current state of chelators for Fe overload; both those currently approved and those undergoing preclinical development

Innføring av samhandlingsverktøy i Office 365

Atea AS i Trondheim vil se på muligheter til å utnytte Microsoft Power Platform og virtualiseringsplattformen Windows Virtual Desktop i deres produktivitetssektor. I den sammenheng, er det opprettet en problemstilling i samarbeid mellom Atea og prosjektgruppen, som omhandler den fiktive bedriften Skeivt og Skakt. Den fiktive bedriftens mål er å forbedre deres nåværende IT-infrastruktur ved å tilby deres ansatte en ny moderne arbeidsflate og sørge for en mer effektiv arbeidsplass. Prosjektgruppen har utviklet en løsning for Skeivt og Skakt, ved å innføre et modernisert system for å registrere avvik, i tillegg til å tilby en skybasert arbeidsflate for bedriftens ansatte. Videre har prosjektgruppen skrevet en utrullingsplan for å adoptere bedriftens brukere i det nye systemet. Bacheloroppgaven er skrevet av to studenter fra instituttet for datateknologi og informatikk ved NTNU.The Atea office in Trondheim wants to look at opportunities to utilize the Microsoft Power Platform and the virtualization feature Windows Virtual Desktop in their productivity sector. In that regard, a bachelor thesis is written in cooperation between Atea and the project group, where a business case surrounding the fictional company Skeivt og Skakt AS is created. The fictional company’s goal is to improve its current IT-infrastructure by offering its employees a new desktop experience and to ensure a more effective workplace. The project group have developed a solution for Skeivt og Skakt, by implementing a modernized automatic system for reporting deviations, in addition to offering a cloud-based workplace for its employees. Additionally, the project group has written a deployment plan for adopting the company’s users into the new system. The bachelor thesis is written by two students from the Department of Computer Technology and Informatics at NTNU

Styring i hjemmetjenesten i Trondheim kommune

Hjemmetjenesten har, og vil få, en viktig rolle i møte med utfordringene helsesektoren står overfor i årene som kommer. For å møte utfordringene er hjemmetjenesten avhengig av effektiv drift med begrensede ressurser. Formålet med studien er å øke kunnskapen om hvordan hjemmetjenesten i Trondheim kommune styres og undersøke hvilken effekt styringen har på operasjonelle aktiviteter og beslutninger. Vi har formulert følgende problemstilling: Hvordan styres hjemmetjenesten i Trondheim kommune? For å belyse problemstillingen har vi formulert to forskningsspørsmål: • Hvilke styringsmekanismer er sentrale i hjemmetjenesten, og hvordan er samspillet mellom disse? • Hvordan opplever ansatte formaliseringen av styringspraksis i hjemmetjenesten? For å besvare forskningsspørsmålene har vi gjennomført en kvalitativ case-studie i hjemmetjenesten i Trondheim kommune. For å samle inn data har vi gjennomført 19 intervju, samt observert noen sosiale situasjoner. Funn fra datainnsamlingen er sammen med litteratur og teori om styring benyttet til analyse og diskusjon. Dette danner grunnlaget for oppgavens konklusjon. Trondheim kommune bruker flere administrative styringsmekanismer som legger premisser for hvordan hjemmetjenesten styres på enhetsnivå. Videre benytter enhetsledelsen mange administrative styringsmekanismer for å påvirke ansattes atferd. Enhetsledelsen har innført sterkere styring for at ansatte skal handle og ta beslutninger i tråd med målsetningen om budsjettbalanse. Tett oppfølging, standardiserte regler, retningslinjer og prosedyrer dominerer styringspraksisen. Mye tyder på at enhetsledelsen driver relativt tett styring for å oppnå målsetningen om å levere gode tjenester innenfor budsjettrammen. Vi finner at flere av de formaliserte styringsmekanismene har effekt på ansattes atferd. Mekanismenes samspill med sosiale og selvstyrende mekanismer kan være en forklaring på dette. En annen forklaring kan være at flere av de formaliserte styringsmekanismene bidrar til at ansatte kan gjøre en bedre jobb. Funnene tyder på at ledelsen ikke har lyktes med å endre normer og verdier som ligger til grunn for ansattes beslutninger. I beslutningssituasjoner er det hensynet til brukerne, ikke budsjettbalanse, som er styrende. Våre funn tyder på at økonomistyring har fått en større rolle i hjemmetjenesten, men ikke endret kjerneverdiene i organisasjonen.The home care service will play an important role facing the challenges in the health sector in the years to come. In order to meet the challenges, the home care service relies on efficient control with limited resources. This thesis seeks to increase knowledge about how the home care service in Trondheim municipality is controlled and to examine the effects of management control on operational activities and decisions. The main question is: How is the home care service managed in the municipality of Trondheim? To answer the main question, we have developed two research questions: • Which control mechanisms are central to the home care service, and how is the interaction between them? • How do employees experience the formalization of management control? In order to answer these research questions, a qualitative case study has been conducted in a home care service unit in Trondheim municipality. Data was collected through 19 interviews, in addition to ethnographic research. Findings from the data collection, together with theory on management control have been used for analysis and discussion. Together it forms the basis for a conclusion to our main question. The municipality uses several administrative controls that forms the basis for the control of the home care units. Furthermore, the managers of the home care unit utilize many administrative controls to influence employee behaviour. The managers have increased the use of administrative controls to make employees take decisions that coincides with the objective of a balanced budget. Formal rules, procedures and guidelines dominates the management control. Our findings suggest that the managers operate tight control to make employees deliver good services within the budget. The study suggests that formalized management controls do affect employee’s behaviour. The interaction of the formal controls with social and self-controls may explain this. Another explanation may be that some of the formalized management mechanisms enables employees to perform their tasks better. The findings indicate that management control has not changed employees’ norms and values. When making decisions the consideration of the users is central. Our findings suggest that management control influence employee’s behaviour, but it has not changed the core values of the organization

Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Using Laser Transducers

A program is described which employs lasers for ultrasonic NDE. A high-power laser is used to generate a brief sound pulse in the test specimen. A second low-power laser then measures the response of the specimen to that sound pulse. The response of the specimen is measured by a “Laser Vibrometer.” This is a novel type of heterodyne interferometer which focuses a Helium-Neon laser beam onto the surface of the specimen and measures its displacement. Displacements as small as 2×10-12 meters on a 0.15 sec averaging time can be detected and also displacements of 1.5×l0-9 meters on a 10-MHz bandwidth. The Laser Vibrometer has a well defined frequency response and does not introduce distortion. The sound generating laser is either a pulsed carbon dioxide TEA laser or a YAG laser. The peak power exceeds 10 M watt. Two mechanisms for generating the sound are discussed. The thermoelastic mechanism relies on the thermal expansion of the surface, causing it to move. The reaction to this causes a pressure pulse in the specimen. Another mechanism allows a small amount of the surface to be ablated and the reaction to this causes a substantial pressure pulse in the specimen. Both laser beams can be scanned over the surface of the specimen by a microprocessor controlled mirror. The microprocessor generates a raster scan of arbitrary size, number of lines, step size and speed. Eventually this technique will allow the inspection of complex specimens without direct contact. This will eliminate the tedium and contact reliability problems associated with conventional piezo-ceramic NDE

Phosphoinositide lipid second messengers: new paradigms for transepithelial signal transduction

Multiple forms of phosphatidylinositol are generated by differential phosphorylation of the inositol headgroup. These phosphoinositides, specifically PI(4,5)P2, have been implicated as modulators in a variety of transport processes. The data indicate that phosphoinositides can modulate transporters directly or via the activation of down-stream signaling components. The phosphoinositide pathway has been linked to changes in transporter kinetics, intracellular signaling, membrane targeting and membrane stability. Recent results obtained for several of the well-characterized transport systems suggest the need to reassess the role of PI(4,5)P2 and question whether lower abundance forms of the phosphoinositides, notably PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) and PI(3,4)P2, are the pertinent transport regulators. In contrast to PI(4,5)P2, these latter forms represent a dynamic, regulated pool, the characteristics of which are more compatible with the nature of signaling intermediates. A recently described, novel transepithelial signaling pathway has been demonstrated for PIP3 in which a signal initiated on the basolateral membrane is transduced to the apical membrane entirely within the planar face of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The new paradigms emerging from recent studies may be widely applicable to transporter regulation in other cell types and are particularly relevant for signaling in polarized cells