Markers of airway inflammation in pulmonary diseases assessed by induced sputum.

ABSTRACT: During recent years there has been a growing interest in using non-invasive biomarkers to understand and monitor the airway inflammation in subjects with respiratory tract disorders. To date, the best validated and performing non-invasive biomarkers are measures of inflammation in induced sputum in both cellular and fluid phase, which can provide biological insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the principal literature on the different markers of inflammation in pulmonary diseases assessed by induced sputum analysis in either cellular or fluid phase

Validity and reproducibility of morphologic analysis of nasal secretions obtained using ultrasonic nebulization of hypertonic solution.

BACKGROUND: Collection of nasal secretions is important for the evaluation of upper airways inflammation in many nasal disorders. OBJECTIVE: To study the validity and reproducibility of nasal secretion cellularity induced by nebulization of hypertonic solution in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), patients with nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), and control subjects. METHODS: Sixty-eight individuals (29 with AR [mean +/- SD age, 33.3 +/- 16.9 years], 23 with NARES [mean +/- SD age, 46.4 +/- 16.6 years], and 16 controls [mean +/- SD age, 42.1 +/- 15.1 years]) underwent ultrasonic nebulization of hypertonic (4.5%) saline solution on 2 different occasions to study the validity and reproducibility of total and differential cell counts of nasal secretions. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD percentage of eosinophils was significantly higher in samples from patients with AR (20.8% +/- 23.1%) and NARES (18.7% +/- 22.8%) than in samples from controls (0.6% +/- 0.6%; P < .001 for both). There was a significant correlation between 2 samples of nasal secretions obtained on 2 different occasions for percentages of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of nasal secretions obtained using ultrasonic nebulization of hypertonic solution can distinguish patients with AR and NARES from controls. The reproducibility of this technique is good for macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and epithelial cells. This method could be used to detect nasal airway inflammation in clinical settings

Sputum induced cellularity in a group of traffic policemen.

It has been demonstrated that a group of workers (e.g. waste handlers) daily exposed to a traffic related air pollution present airway inflammation in term of an increase of neutrophilic inflammation. The aim of our study was to determine the presence of airways inflammation detected by induced sputum in a population of traffic policemen (TP) in the city of Bari, compared to a group of healthy subjects (HS) without any occupational exposure to inhalation of traffic-related air pollution. Twelve non smokers, non atopics, healthy traffic policemen with a history of exposure to airway pollution and 12 HS underwent sputum induction. TP show a statistically significant increase in the percentage neutrophil cell count (median and IQ range) compared to the HS (65 and 13.5 vs. 40.5 and 9.5; p<0.01). In conclusion we have found that policemen chronically exposed to air pollution presented airway neutrophilic inflammation and the results of this pilot study could be strictly considered for the long term effect of a traffic pollution in airway inflammation and the lung function

An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with asthma and controls.

BACKGROUND: Exhaled breath contains thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could serve as biomarkers of lung disease. Electronic noses can distinguish VOC mixtures by pattern recognition. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that an electronic nose can discriminate exhaled air of patients with asthma from healthy controls, and between patients with different disease severities. METHODS: Ten young patients with mild asthma (25.1 +/- 5.9 years; FEV(1), 99.9 +/- 7.7% predicted), 10 young controls (26.8 +/- 6.4 years; FEV(1), 101.9 +/- 10.3), 10 older patients with severe asthma (49.5 +/- 12.0 years; FEV(1), 62.3 +/- 23.6), and 10 older controls (57.3 +/- 7.1 years; FEV(1), 108.3 +/- 14.7) joined a cross-sectional study with duplicate sampling of exhaled breath with an interval of 2 to 5 minutes. Subjects inspired VOC-filtered air by tidal breathing for 5 minutes, and a single expiratory vital capacity was collected into a Tedlar bag that was sampled by electronic nose (Cyranose 320) within 10 minutes. Smellprints were analyzed by linear discriminant analysis on principal component reduction. Cross-validation values (CVVs) were calculated. RESULTS: Smellprints of patients with mild asthma were fully separated from young controls (CVV, 100%; Mahalanobis distance [M-distance], 5.32), and patients with severe asthma could be distinguished from old controls (CVV, 90%; M-distance, 2.77). Patients with mild and severe asthma could be less well discriminated (CVV, 65%; M-distance, 1.23), whereas the 2 control groups were indistinguishable (CVV, 50%; M-distance, 1.56). The duplicate samples replicated these results. CONCLUSION: An electronic nose can discriminate exhaled breath of patients with asthma from controls but is less accurate in distinguishing asthma severities. CLINICAL IMPLICATION: These findings warrant validation of electronic noses in diagnosing newly presented patients with asthma

Expiratory flow rate, breath hold and anatomic dead space influence electronic nose ability to detect lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Electronic noses are composites of nanosensor arrays. Numerous studies showed their potential to detect lung cancer from breath samples by analysing exhaled volatile compound pattern ("breathprint"). Expiratory flow rate, breath hold and inclusion of anatomic dead space may influence the exhaled levels of some volatile compounds; however it has not been fully addressed how these factors affect electronic nose data. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate these effects. METHODS: 37 healthy subjects (44 +/- 14 years) and 27 patients with lung cancer (60 +/- 10 years) participated in the study. After deep inhalation through a volatile organic compound filter, subjects exhaled at two different flow rates (50 ml/sec and 75 ml/sec) into Teflon-coated bags. The effect of breath hold was analysed after 10 seconds of deep inhalation. We also studied the effect of anatomic dead space by excluding this fraction and comparing alveolar air to mixed (alveolar + anatomic dead space) air samples. Exhaled air samples were processed with Cyranose 320 electronic nose. RESULTS: Expiratory flow rate, breath hold and the inclusion of anatomic dead space significantly altered "breathprints" in healthy individuals (p 0.05). These factors also influenced the discrimination ability of the electronic nose to detect lung cancer significantly. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that expiratory flow, breath hold and dead space influence exhaled volatile compound pattern assessed with electronic nose. These findings suggest critical methodological recommendations to standardise sample collections for electronic nose measurements

Enviromental Asbestos Exposure as a Risk Factor for Small Airways Obstruction

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Testimonianza e testamento nell’ultimo Fortini

Ripercorrendo criticamente alcuni luoghi salienti della sua ultima e testamentaria silloge poetica, Composita solvantur (1994), l'articolo si ripropone di analizzare la fase estrema del pensiero poetico, politico e filosofico di Franco Fortini, più che mai teso, a quest’altezza, tra un pessimismo biografico-individuale e storico-universale e la speranza, insieme messianico-religiosa e politico-ideologica, di una salvezza e di un bene futuri per l’umanità

La lente bifocale: Lineamenti metodologici di una possibile storia del «campo» poetico italiano degli anni Settanta del Novecento

The quantitative and qualitative broadening of the Italian poetic field in the 1970s, which occurred in response to the profound coeval socio-cultural changes (mass schooling, proletarianization of culture, emergence of new political-poetic and social subjects), requires literary critics interested in reconstructing the poetic framework of the decade to substantially update their tools of inquiry. The idealistic, inductive and often "monofocal" approach most frequented by Italian academic criticism, accustomed to treating the text as an autonomous organism and ignoring its correlations with its historical and material context of reference, has so far revealed its inadequacy in accounting for the plurality of poetic and cultural experiences of those "hyper-historical" years, ending up by entrenching itself in an asphyxiated geo-editorial canon and in anachronistic trend categories that are hardly representative of the actual context of the decade under consideration. This paper aims to draw the methodological lineaments of a "bifocal" approach to the 1970s, namely one that reconciles context reconstruction and text analysis, sociological inquiry and stylistic-philological criticism, close and distant reading, based in particular on the operational model offered by Pierre Bourdieu's literary sociology (with forays into the theories of Antonio Gramsci, Pascale Casanova, Alain Viala and Franco Moretti). After briefly sketching the structural changes occurred in the post-sixty-eight historical-poetic landscape and reconstructing the terms, places and editorial modes of the critical debate around the poetry of the 1970s (paragraphs 1 and 2), this article proceeds to a theoretical reconnaissance around Bourdieusian notions of "field," "conflict" and "habitus" and then proposes an empirical application of them to the specific Italian poetic field of the decade (paragraphs 3 and 4)

Covid-19 and ex-smokers: an underestimated prognostic factor?

Dear Editor, The recent and explosive worldwide outbreak of Covid-19 leads many scientists and clinicians to identify the most responsible triggering risk factors in individuals without comorbidities, as well as potential prognostic factors. A notable field of research has been conducted on the role of smoking, which has been initially hypothesized as being a protective factor for Covid-19...