Bioaccesibilidad de hierro de fortificación y zinc endógeno de fideos comerciales tipo spaghetti

Introduction: The aims were to assess the bioaccessibility and Potential Supply (PS) of Fe and Zn from Commercial Fortified Spaghettis (CFS), and the relationship between cooking time and losses of solids, Fe and Zn of these samples.Material and Methods: Four samples of different trades were analyzed. Solid, Fe, and Zn losses were evaluated at to cooking times (optimum cooking time and optimum time plus 10 min overcooking). Fe and Zn bioaccessibility was estimated through mineral dialyzability. Potential Supply (PS) was determined as the product of mineral concentration and dialyzability.Results: Solids losses were lower than 7%, still with overcooking. Three of the four fortified samples did not meet the declared values of Fe content. There were high losses of Fe and Zn during cooking, which increased when extended cooking time (from 43.7% to 64.7% for Fe, and from 7.7% to 15.2% for Zn). Fe losses (fortification mineral), being greater than Zn (endogenous mineral). Fe and Zn bioaccessibility were very low (0.82±0.27% and 0.90±0.45%, respectively) and the PS of 80 g portion of CFS only cover approximately 0.65% and 0.71% of Fe and Zn requirements, respectively.Conclusions: The results show that the fortification of spaghetti makes little contribution to meet the requirements of the analyzed minerals.Introducción: El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar la bioaccesibilidad y Aporte Potencial (AP) de Fe y Zn de Fideos Comerciales Fortificados (FCF), y la relación entre el tiempo de cocción y la pérdida de sólidos, Fe y Zn de dichos fideos.Material y métodos: Se analizaron cuatro diferentes marcas de FCF. Se evaluó la pérdida de sólidos, Fe y Zn, a dos tiempos de cocción (tiempo óptimo indicado por el fabricante y una sobrecocción de 10 minutos). La bioaccesibilidad de Fe y Zn se estimó a través del porcentaje del mineral dializado. El AP de minerales se determinó como el producto de la concentración y la dializabilidad de cada mineral.Resultados: Las pérdidas de sólidos resultaron inferiores al 7%, aún con sobrecocción. Tres de los cuatro FCF no cumplían con los valores declarados de contenido de Fe. Se produjeron grandes pérdidas de Fe y Zn durante la cocción, las cuales aumentaron al prolongarse el tiempo de cocción (de 43,7% a 64,7% para Fe; y de 7,7% a 15,2% para el Zn), siendo mayores las pérdidas de Fe (mineral de fortificación), que de Zn (mineral endógeno). La bioaccesibilidad de Fe y Zn resultó baja (0,82±0,27% y 0,90±0,45%, respectivamente) y el AP de una porción de 80 g de FCF sólo cubriría en promedio 0,646% de los requerimientos de Fe y 0,708% de los requerimientos de Zn.Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que la fortificación de fideos contribuye muy poco a cubrir los requerimientos de los minerales analizados ya que gran parte se pierde en el agua de cocción

Green Alga Ulva spp. Hydrolysates and Their Peptide Fractions Regulate Cytokine Production in Splenic Macrophages and Lymphocytes Involving the TLR4-NFkB/MAPK Pathways

Hydrolysates of food protein sources have immunomodulatory effects, which are of interest for use as functional foods. In this study, we have characterized the immune regulatory effect on rat splenocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes of Ulva spp. hydrolysates and their peptide fractions with or without in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and/or ultrafiltration. IL-10 was induced in almost all conditions and cell types obtained from wild type animals. The induction was in general increased by ultrafiltration and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. TNF was also induced in basal conditions. In turn, TNF and IFN- production was attenuated by the hydrolysate products in lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A immune stimulated cells. Inhibitors for the activation of NF B, MAPK p38 and JNK inhibited IL-10 induction in rat splenocytes. The response was dramatically attenuated in TLR4-/- cells, and only modestly in TLR2-/- cells. Food peptides from Ulva spp. genus exert anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells mediated by TLR4 and NF B. Similarity with the immunomodulatory profile of protein hydrolysates from other sources suggests a common mechanism.This work was supported by funds from the Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, partly with Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER funds [SAF2017-88457-R, AGL2017-85270-R, BFU2014-57736-P, AGL2014-58883-R] and by Junta de Andalucía [CTS235, CTS164]. C.H.-C. and R.G.-B. were supported by the University of Granada (Contrato Puente Program—Plan Propio) and the Ministry of Education [Spain], respectively. CIBERehd is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of whole grain Oryza sativa L. with different treatments

[EN] Physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of whole rice flours with different treatments (soaking, germination and extrusion cooking) were studied. Water solubility, water absorption, crystallinity, adsorption isotherms (BET and GAB models), and glass transition temperature of the samples were determined. Water solubility and water absorption were enhanced by extrusion cooking process (3.17 4.98 vs. 24.1 53.76 g/100 g and 2.77 3.05 vs. 4.46 7.04 ml/g, respectively), but crystallinity was decreased (30 33 vs. 4 16%). Adsorption isotherms showed that extruded samples exhibited higher equilibrium moisture content as compared with their corresponding non-extruded samples (5.0 19.2 vs. 4.0 16.1 g water/g solids). There were no changes in glass transition temperature values in the studied moisture range (3.8 16 g/100 g). These results allow the correct use of whole rice flours with different treatments in foods and also contributed to the knowledge of stabilization of the productsThe author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was partially financed by ANPCYT (PICT 1105) and ERASMUS MUNDUS ACTION 2 ARCOIRIS Fellowship.Albarracin, M.; Talens Oliag, P.; Martínez Navarrete, N.; González, RJ.; Drago, SR. (2016). Physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of whole grain Oryza sativa L. with different treatments. Food Science and Technology International. 22(4):1-10. doi:10.1177/1082013215600078S110224Albarracín, M., José González, R., & Drago, S. R. (2015). Soaking and extrusion effects on physicochemical parameters, phytic acid, nutrient content and mineral bio-accessibility of whole rice grain. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 66(2), 210-215. doi:10.3109/09637486.2014.986070Björck, I., & Asp, N.-G. (1983). The effects of extrusion cooking on nutritional value — A literature review. Journal of Food Engineering, 2(4), 281-308. doi:10.1016/0260-8774(83)90016-xBrunauer, S., Deming, L. S., Deming, W. E., & Teller, E. (1940). On a Theory of the van der Waals Adsorption of Gases. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 62(7), 1723-1732. doi:10.1021/ja01864a025Donkor, O. N., Stojanovska, L., Ginn, P., Ashton, J., & Vasiljevic, T. (2012). Germinated grains – Sources of bioactive compounds. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 950-959. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.058Gonzalez, R. J., De Greef, D. M., Torres, R. L., Borras, F. S., & Robutti, J. (2004). Effects of endosperm hardness and extrusion temperature on properties of products obtained with grits from two commercial maize cultivars. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 37(2), 193-198. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2003.07.004Gonzalez, R., Drago, S., Torres, R., & De Greef, D. (2013). Extrusion Cooking of Cereal-Based Products. Contemporary Food Engineering. doi:10.1201/b15246-13González, R. J., Pastor Cavada, E., Vioque Peña, J., Torres, R. L., De Greef, D. M., & Drago, S. R. (2013). Extrusion Conditions and Amylose Content Affect Physicochemical Properties of Extrudates Obtained from Brown Rice Grains. International Journal of Food Science, 2013, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2013/584148Herawat, H., Kusnandar, F., Adawiyah, D. R., Budijanto, S., & Rahman, M. S. (2014). Thermal characteristics and state diagram of extruded instant artificial rice. Thermochimica Acta, 593, 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2014.08.017Jones, J. M., & Engleson, J. (2010). Whole Grains: Benefits and Challenges. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 1(1), 19-40. doi:10.1146/annurev.food.112408.132746Kim, H. Y., Hwang, I. G., Kim, T. M., Woo, K. S., Park, D. S., Kim, J. H., … Jeong, H. S. (2012). Chemical and functional components in different parts of rough rice (Oryza sativa L.) before and after germination. Food Chemistry, 134(1), 288-293. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.138Lowry, R. R., & Tinsley, I. J. (1976). Rapid colorimetric determination of free fatty acids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 53(7), 470-472. doi:10.1007/bf02636814Matveev, Y. (2000). The plasticizing effect of water on proteins, polysaccharides and their mixtures. Glassy state of biopolymers, food and seeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 14(5), 425-437. doi:10.1016/s0268-005x(00)00020-5Perdon, A., Siebenmorgen, T. J., & Mauromoustakos, A. (2000). Glassy State Transition and Rice Drying: Development of a Brown Rice State Diagram. Cereal Chemistry Journal, 77(6), 708-713. doi:10.1094/cchem.2000.77.6.708ROOS, Y., & KAREL, M. (1991). Plasticizing Effect of Water on Thermal Behavior and Crystallization of Amorphous Food Models. Journal of Food Science, 56(1), 38-43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb07970.xRuiz-Ruiz, J., Martínez-Ayala, A., Drago, S., González, R., Betancur-Ancona, D., & Chel-Guerrero, L. (2008). Extrusion of a hard-to-cook bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) flour blend. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(10), 1799-1807. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2008.01.005SIU, G. M., & DRAPER, H. H. (1978). A SURVEY OF THE MALONALDEHYDE CONTENT OF RETAIL MEATS AND FISH. Journal of Food Science, 43(4), 1147-1149. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb15256.xSun, Z., Yang, W., Siebenmorgen, T., Stelwagen, A., & Cnossen, A. (2002). Thermomechanical Transitions of Rice Kernels. Cereal Chemistry Journal, 79(3), 349-353. doi:10.1094/cchem.2002.79.3.349Timmermann, E. O. (2003). Multilayer sorption parameters: BET or GAB values? Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 220(1-3), 235-260. doi:10.1016/s0927-7757(03)00059-1Tovar, J., Bjoerck, I. M., & Asp, N. G. (1990). Starch content and .alpha.-amylolysis rate in precooked legume flours. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38(9), 1818-1823. doi:10.1021/jf00099a00

Techno-Functional Properties from Hydrolyzed Wheat Gluten Fractions

Many protein sources that are found in the market are obtained as by-products and there is a great interest in using them as protein ingredients with adequate functionality for food formulation. Structure modification permits one to add value and to diversify their uses. The diversification of wheat gluten applications depends on the improvement of its solubility in a wider pH range. One of the alternatives that allow protein modification in these products is the enzymic hydrolysis. The objective of this work was to evaluate foaming properties of protein fractions obtained by extracting, at 3 pH, different hydrolyzed gluten samples. Two commercial enzymes (acid -Ac- and alkaline -Al- proteases) were used to reach 3 different hydrolysis degrees (DH). Extracts pHs (4, 6.5 and 9) were diluted to a protein concentration of 4 g/l. RP-HPLC, free amino groups content, sulphydryl and disulfur content, average peptide chain length were used to characterize each extract. Foam was produced by sparging nitrogen at a known rate through a dilute protein solution. The maximal volume of liquid incorporated into the foam (Vmax) and the rate of liquid incorporation into the foam (Ri) were determined and used as indicators of foaming capacity. The times for half-drainage of the liquid that was incorporated into the foam at the end of the bubbling period (t1/2) and the rate of liquid drainage from the foam were also measured. Regarding Ri, all pH 4 extracts from hydrolyzed samples showed higher Ri than an un-hydrolyzed sample. Extracts from Al hydrolyzed extracts showed higher Ri than those from Ac. In the case of Al extracts, an inverse relation between DH and Ri was observed, but practically no influence of DH on Ri, was observed in the case of Ac extracts. For pH 6.5 extracts, the relation between DH and Ri were in opposite directions, depending on the enzyme, for Ac, Ri decreased with DH, while for Al, Ri increased with DH. At this pH, it was observed that the extracts which foamed more quickly, were those with the highest times for half-drainage of the liquid (t1/2). Some foam parameters correlated between themselves, depending on the extracts. Foaming capacity and stability depend on pH, DH and enzyme and it was possible to correlate parameters with composition evaluated by RP-HPLC.Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, R. J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Añon, Maria Cristina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentin

Effects of cereal bar containing polydextrose on subjective feelings of appetite and energy intake in overweight adults over 15 d

<p>The effects of 15 d polydextrose (16.7 g) consumption on energy intake (EI) and appetite feelings were investigated. Overweight adults consumed a polydextrose-bar or a control-bar matched in energy content as a midmorning snack for 15 consecutive days in a single-blind, randomised, crossover design. The two 15-d intervention periods were separated by a 15-d washout period. On the day 1 and the day 15 of each intervention period, energy intake (primary outcome) and appetite feelings (secondary outcome) were assessed. There were not significant main effects of the day, type of bar, or their interaction for EI (at lunchtime test meal, at rest of the day, or at total daily) or subjective feelings (hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and prospective food consumption) during the satiation and satiety periods. The results showed the consumption of polydextrose-bar during 15 d did not significantly affect energy intake and subjective feelings of appetite in overweight adults.</p

Effect of the extrusion on functional properties and mineral dialyzability from Phaseolus Vulgaris bean flour

The effects of extrusion conditions on cooking degree, flour dispersion viscosity and mineral potential availability of extruded bean flour were studied. Phaseolus vulgaris beans of the agronomic cultivar "Flor de mayo" were ground and dehulled to obtain grits and then extruded at different temperatures (140, 160 and 180°C) and moisture contents (17, 20 and 23%), according to a bifactorial experimental design. Degree of cooking was estimated by water solubility (WS) and specific mechanical energy (SME). The effect of variables on WS and SME were analysed by surface response methodology. Flour dispersion viscosity and mineral availability (estimated by in vitro dialyzability), were also evaluated on selected samples. Results showed that, within the ranges of the variables used for this study, only the effect of temperature was significant on the degree of cooking. No direct correlation was observed between water solubility and SME, although a maximum value of WS corresponded to a range of SME values of 400-500 J/g was observed. Dispersion viscosity decreases as WS increases, so if high calorie density is desired, for instance in order to produce a cream soup formula, bean grits should be extruded at high temperature and as low moisture as possible, in our case 180°C and 17% moisture. On the other hand, the effects of extrusion variables on iron and zinc dialyzability were not much affected.Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Velasco González, O. H.. Ciidir-ipn-durango; ArgentinaFil: Torres, R. L.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: González, R. J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Valencia, M. E.. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Effects of extruded whole maize, polydextrose and cellulose as sources of fibre on calcium bioavailability and metabolic parameters of growing Wistar rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diets with different types of fibres on Ca bioavailability and metabolic parameters in growing Wistar rats. Twenty four male Wistar rats were fed with 3 different diets: control (C), polydextrose (PD), and extruded whole maize (M) during a 60 day period. Apparent Ca absorption percentage (%Ca Abs), total skeleton bone mineral content (t BMC), total bone mineral density (t BMD), femur (F), spine (S) and tibia (T) BMD, cecum weight, and pH were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid (TG and cholesterol) contents in serum and liver were also evaluated. The results showed that rats fed with M and PD had the same cecum weight, but higher than that of C (1.53 0.02 vs. 0.94 0.01). There was moderate acidification of the cecal content in rats fed with M compared to C (pH 5.93 vs. 6.98) and the fecal weight was 1.06 0.02, 3.07 0.03 and 4.81 0.05 for PD, M and C, respectively. There were significant differences in %Ca Abs between PD and C (87.57 1.20 vs. 71.10 1.11). The PD group had the highest values of F-BMD, S-BMD, and T-BMD, but there were no differences between M and C groups. Regarding lipids, there was a significant lowering effect in the M liver triglycerides content. Moreover, liver MDA levels significantly decreased with M and PD diets. The consumption of PD and grain fibres can exert some beneficial gastrointestinal effects such as lowering of the pH, hepatic TG and MDA content related to fibre colon fermentation.Fil: Albarracín, Micaela. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de Los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Weisstaub, Adriana R.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Departamento de Bromatologia y Nutricion Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Zuleta, Angela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Departamento de Bromatologia y Nutricion Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Mandalunis, Patricia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología; ArgentinaFil: González, Rolando J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de Los Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; Argentin